Chapter 7: Controlling microbial growth IN VIVO Flashcards

1
Q

use of any chemical or drug to treat any disease or condition

A

chemotherapy

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2
Q

any drug used to treat any condition or disease

A

chemotherapeutic agent

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3
Q

any chemical or drug used to treat an INFECTIOUS disease caused by microbes, by inhibiting (stopping the growth) or killing the pathogens in vivo

A

antimicrobial agent

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4
Q

drugs used to treat bacterial diseases

A

antibacterial agents

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5
Q

drugs used to treat fungal disease (mycoses)

A

antifungal agents

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6
Q

drugs used to treat protozoal diseases

A

antiprotozoal agents

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7
Q

drugs used to treat viral diseases

A

antiviral agents

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8
Q

substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms

A

antibiotic

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9
Q

antibiotic that came from one organism and will inhibit other microorganisms

A

natural antibiotics

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10
Q

antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or reduce side effects

A

semisynthetic antibiotics

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11
Q

discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum (mould)

A

Alexander Fleming

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12
Q

inhibits the growth of bacteria

A

bacteriostatic drugs

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13
Q

kills bacteria

A

bactericidal drugs

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14
Q

a bacteriostatic drug that inhibit the production of folic acid needed by bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid to synthesize folic acid (without folic acid bacteria can’t produce certain nutrients and will die)

A

sulfonamide drugs

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15
Q

drug that interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan (usually in gram+ bacteria) and destroys the bacteria

A

penicillin

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16
Q

antibiotics with limited effects

ex. colistin and nalidixic acid which destroys only gram - bacteria

A

narrow-spectrum antibiotics

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17
Q

destructive to both gram + and -

ex. ampicillin, tetracycline

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics

18
Q

combining one antibiotics to another

A

multidrug therapy

19
Q

two antimicrobial agents are used together to produce a degree of pathogen killing that is greater than that achieved by either drug alone

20
Q

when two drugs actually work against each other

A

antagonism

21
Q

ex. of bactericidal and interferes with cell wall synthesis

A

penicillins and cephalosporins

22
Q

bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis

A

tetracyclines

23
Q

bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides

24
Q

bacteriostatic at lower doses; bactericidal at higher doses; inhibit protein synthesis

A

macrolides

25
bactericidal; inhibit DNA synthesis
fluoroquinolones
26
the newest weapons in antimicrobial methodology. | - Difficult to develop these agents because viruses are produced within host cells.
antiviral agents
27
several antiviral drugs that are administered all at the same time
cocktails
28
microbes (mainly bacteria) that have become resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents. - these bacteria produce beta-lactamase which destroys antibiotics instead of antibiotics destroying bacteria
superbugs
29
hospital-acquired infection
nosocomial infection
30
Some bacteria are naturally resistant because they lack the specific target site for the drug T OR F
true
31
naturally resistant because they lack the specific target site for the drug or the drug is unable to cross the organism’s cell wall or cell membrane and, thus, cannot reach its site of action
intrinsic resistance
32
bacteria that were once susceptible to a particular drug become resistant - able to adapt to drastic environment bc of antibiotics na tinigil i-take
acquired resistance
33
Before a drug enters a bacterial cell, it must first bind to proteins on the surface of the cell
drug-binding sites
34
Many bacteria have become resistant to penicillin because they have acquired the gene for penicillinase production during conjugation T OR F
true
35
a plasmid that contains multiple genes for drug resistance | - can transfer to other bacteria through conjugation bc of pili
resistance factor (R-factor)
36
enables the cell to pump drugs out before they can damage or kill the cell
multidrug-resistance pump (MDR pump)
37
Every penicillin and cephalosporin molecule contains a double-ringed structure known as the β-lactam ring; bacteria produces enzymes (b-lactamases) that destroys the ring (once destroyed, drug no longer works) t or f
true
38
two types of b-lactamases
penicillinases | cephalosporinases
39
when drug therapy is initiated before laboratory results are available
empiric therapy
40
Organisms susceptible to the agent will die, but resistant ones will survive
selecting for resistant organisms
41
a broad-spectrum antibiotic may destroy the normal flora, resulting in an overgrowth of bacteria
superinfection