Chapter 7: Controlling microbial growth IN VIVO

Question 1

use of any chemical or drug to treat any disease or condition

Answer 1

chemotherapy

Question 2

any drug used to treat any condition or disease

Answer 2

chemotherapeutic agent

Question 3

any chemical or drug used to treat an INFECTIOUS disease caused by microbes, by inhibiting (stopping the growth) or killing the pathogens in vivo

Answer 3

antimicrobial agent

Question 4

drugs used to treat bacterial diseases

Answer 4

antibacterial agents

Question 5

drugs used to treat fungal disease (mycoses)

Answer 5

antifungal agents

Question 6

drugs used to treat protozoal diseases

Answer 6

antiprotozoal agents

Question 7

drugs used to treat viral diseases

Answer 7

antiviral agents

Question 8

substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms

Answer 8

antibiotic

Question 9

antibiotic that came from one organism and will inhibit other microorganisms

Answer 9

natural antibiotics

Question 10

antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or reduce side effects

Answer 10

semisynthetic antibiotics

Question 11

discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum (mould)

Answer 11

Alexander Fleming

Question 12

inhibits the growth of bacteria

Answer 12

bacteriostatic drugs

Question 13

kills bacteria

Answer 13

bactericidal drugs

Question 14

a bacteriostatic drug that inhibit the production of folic acid needed by bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid to synthesize folic acid (without folic acid bacteria can’t produce certain nutrients and will die)

Answer 14

sulfonamide drugs

Question 15

drug that interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan (usually in gram+ bacteria) and destroys the bacteria

Answer 15

penicillin

Question 16

antibiotics with limited effects

ex. colistin and nalidixic acid which destroys only gram - bacteria

Answer 16

narrow-spectrum antibiotics

Question 17

destructive to both gram + and -

ex. ampicillin, tetracycline

Answer 17

broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 18

combining one antibiotics to another

Answer 18

multidrug therapy

Question 19

two antimicrobial agents are used together to produce a degree of pathogen killing that is greater than that achieved by either drug alone

Answer 19

synergism

Question 20

when two drugs actually work against each other

Answer 20

antagonism

Question 21

ex. of bactericidal and interferes with cell wall synthesis

Answer 21

penicillins and cephalosporins

Question 22

bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 22

tetracyclines

Question 23

bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 23

aminoglycosides

Question 24

bacteriostatic at lower doses; bactericidal at higher doses; inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 24

macrolides

Question 25

bactericidal; inhibit DNA synthesis

Answer 25

fluoroquinolones

Question 26

the newest weapons in antimicrobial methodology.

- Difficult to develop these agents because viruses are produced within host cells.

Answer 26

antiviral agents

Question 27

several antiviral drugs that are administered all at the same time

Answer 27

cocktails

Question 28

microbes (mainly bacteria) that have become resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents.
- these bacteria produce beta-lactamase which destroys antibiotics instead of
antibiotics destroying bacteria

Answer 28

superbugs

Question 29

hospital-acquired infection

Answer 29

nosocomial infection

Question 30

Some bacteria are naturally resistant because they lack the specific target site for the drug T OR F

Answer 30

true

Question 31

naturally resistant because they lack the specific target site for the drug or the drug is unable to cross the organism’s cell wall or cell membrane and, thus, cannot reach its site of action

Answer 31

intrinsic resistance

Question 32

bacteria that were once susceptible to a particular drug become resistant
- able to adapt to drastic environment bc of antibiotics na tinigil i-take

Answer 32

acquired resistance

Question 33

Before a drug enters a bacterial cell, it must first bind to proteins on the surface of the cell

Answer 33

drug-binding sites

Question 34

Many bacteria have become resistant to penicillin because they have acquired the gene for penicillinase production during conjugation T OR F

Answer 34

true

Question 35

a plasmid that contains multiple genes for drug resistance

- can transfer to other bacteria through conjugation bc of pili

Answer 35

resistance factor (R-factor)

Question 36

enables the cell to pump drugs out before they can damage or kill the cell

Answer 36

multidrug-resistance pump (MDR pump)

Question 37

Every penicillin and cephalosporin molecule contains a double-ringed structure known as the β-lactam ring; bacteria produces enzymes (b-lactamases) that destroys the ring (once destroyed, drug no longer works) t or f

Answer 37

true

Question 38

two types of b-lactamases

Answer 38

penicillinases

cephalosporinases

Question 39

when drug therapy is initiated before laboratory results are available

Answer 39

empiric therapy

Question 40

Organisms susceptible to the agent will die, but resistant ones will survive

Answer 40

selecting for resistant organisms

Question 41

a broad-spectrum antibiotic may destroy the normal flora, resulting in an overgrowth of bacteria

Answer 41

superinfection