chapter 1&2 recit review Flashcards
study of microbes (extremely small organisms)
Microbiology
infectious
acellular
living microbes (unicellular / single-celled)
cellular microbes
infectious proteinaceous molecules (made up of protein)
Prions
Obligate intracellular parasite
- can’t live outside the body
- needs a living host in order to survive and replicate
Viruses
Prions and viruses
Acellular infectious agents
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cellular microorganisms
- has primitive nucleus (walang nuclear membrane)
- bacteria and archaebacteria
Prokaryotes
- true nucleus (may nuclear membrane)
- algae, fungi, protozoa
Eukaryote
difference between bacteria and archaebacteria
- bacteria has cell wall and archaebacteria does not have a cell wall
- archaebacteria do not have cell wall kaya they live in extreme environments
type of archaebacteria that can produce methane
methanogens
type of archaebacteria that lives in extremely high temperature
extremely thermophilic
type of archaebacteria that requires high salt concentration
extremely halophilic
microbes that can cause diseases
pathogens / germs
helpful and is NOT capable of causing diseases
non-pathogens
microbes that live on and in our bodies; some are opportunistic pathogens
indigenous or normal microbiota
can take advantage of hosts with WEAK immune system such as people undergoing chemo, kidney transplant, immunocompromised
- can cause disease pero hindi sa mga tao with NORMAL immune system
- they wait for the right opportunity to cause disease
Opportunistic pathogens
category of disease caused by pathogens in which a pathogen COLONIZES a person’s body then causes disease
ex: MRSA infection (resistant to several antibiotics)
Gas gangene - caused by clostridium perfringens
Infectious disease
category of disease caused by pathogens in which a pathogen PRODUCES TOXIN in vitro (outside the body) then a person ingests the toxin which causes disease
ex: Staphylococcal food poisoning - nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
Foodborne botulism - deadly ( caused by botulinum toxin which is most potent than venom)
Microbial Intoxication
microorganisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter (ex. fungi - mushroom)
Saprophytes
Cleaning up of toxic waste / industrial waste by microorganisms
ex. some microorganisms in the ocean clean toxic/industrial waste
bioremediation
use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes
biotechnology
archaebacteria and cyanobacteria
first microorganisms on earth
experimented on chicken broth but failed to sterilize the equipment kaya chicken broth is already contaminated even before the process
John Needham (Spontaneous Generation Theory)
proved that maggots did not come from a piece of meat
Francesco Redi
able to disprove SGT ; father of microbiology
- investigated different fermentation products
- discovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes)
Louis Pasteur (Swan Neck Experiment)
application of enough heat to kill pathogens
pasteurization process
germ theory of disease (Koch’s Postulate)
discovered bacillus anthracis
- cultivate bacteria
Robert Koch
- if an organism fulfills koch’s postulate, it is proven to be the cause of a particular infectious disease.
- proved that for every disease, there is a causative agent and can be transmitted
Koch’s postulate
unit for microorganisms except for viruses
micrometers = 1 millionth of a meter
unit for viruses (too small to be seen in light microscope)
nanometer = 1B meter
resolving power of human eye
0.2 mm
Father of microscope
- called microorganisms as animalcules
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Only one magnifying lens
- magnify up to 3 to 20 times
Simple microscope
more than one magnifying lens
Compound microscope
compound microscope that needs visible light for illumination
Light microscope
microscope used in objects observed in bright background
brightfield microscope
microscope used in objects observed in dark background (for colorless microbes)
- uses isothiocyanate dye
darkfield microscope
microscopes for unstained living microorganisms
- uses supravital stain for counting platelets
Phase-contrast microscope
has built in uv light (glow in the dark)
Flourescent microscopes
microscope used in extremely small microbes such as rabies and viruses up to 0.2 nanometer
electron beam - used as source of illumination
electron microscopes
observe the ultrastructure (structure ng loob) of a microorganism
transmission electron microscope
observe the outer surface of a specimen (3D image)
scanning electron microscope
helps in maintaining normal microbiota gastrointestinal tract
Lactobacilli shirota strain
bacteria that can produce anthrax; infection happens when humans come in direct or
indirect contact with infected animals
Bacillus anthracis
