Chapter 4 pt.2 Flashcards
small infectious proteins that cause fatal neurologic diseases in animals and humans
prions aka infectious proteinaceous molecule
of all pathogens, ______ are the most resistant to disinfectants
prions
characteristics that can be manifested or is visible physically
phenotypic
bacteria that requires CO2
atmospheric requirements
round bacteria
cocci
rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
spiral-shaped
spirochetes
comma-shaped
vibrio
ex. of a coffee bean-shaped diplococci
Neisseria gonorrhoaea
cocci in pairs
diplococci
cocci in chains
streptococci
cocci in clusters (grape-like clusters)
staphylococci
cocci in packets of 4
tetrads
cocci in packets of 8
octads
often referred to as rods
bacilli
bacilli in pairs
diplobacilli
bacilli in chains
streptobacilli
bacilli that are extremely small
coccobacilli
comma-shaped bacillus
vibrio
example of spirochete and is the causative agent of syphilis
Treponema pallidum
ex of a spiral-shaped bacteria; the causative agent of relapsing fever
Borrelia hermsii
type of staining procedure that consists of only one dye; whatever the color of the stain shall be imparted to the bacteria
simple straining procedure
special stain; will stain the special structure of the bacteria such as the capsule, endospore, and flagella
structural staining procedure
uses two dyes and categorizes bacteria whether it is gram (-) or gram (+) and if acid-fast bacilli or non-acid-fast bacilli
differential staining procedures
its purpose is to kill the microorganisms and preserve their morphology
fixation process
the technique of fixation wherein heat will distort bacterial morphology
heat fixation
the standardized technique of fixation and the preferred method because it will not distort the bacterial morphology
methanol fixation
most popular staining in microorganisms as it can divide bacteria from gram (-) and gram (+)
gram staining procedure
primary stain for gram staining
crystal violet
mordant that will accentuate the crystal-violet
iodine complex
counterstain (ilalagay sa mga naging colorless na gram (-) bacteria kaya magiging reddish pink)
safranin
causative agent of Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
bacteria that are neither consistently purple nor pink after gram staining bc of its mycolic acid as their cell wall
gram-variable bacteria
ex of gram-variable bacteria that is difficult to stain in gram stain because of mycolic acid as the cell wall
Mycobacterium
gram-variable bacteria such as mycobacterium are often identified using ____
acid-fast stain
utilizes carbol fuchsin as the primary stain and uses heat that will soften the wax of the mycolic acid
acid-fast stain
organisms that resists decolorization by acid alcohol
acid-fast
pag maraming bacilli = may tuberculosis TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
if a bacterium can “swim” it is said to be MOTILE true or false
TRUE
BACTERIAL MOTILITY IS MOST OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH _____
flagella
cocci are generally nonmotile T OR F
true
contains millions of microorganism
colony
an important clue to the identification (speciation) of bacteria
colony morphology
organisms that grow best in the presence of increased concentrations of CO2
capnophilic organisms
bacteria that don’t grow in the presence of oxygen
- oxygen such as H2O2 is toxic for them
- ex. clostridium
obligate anaerobes
bacteria that live in the presence of O2
- ex mycobacterium tuberculosis that resides in our lungs
- they can live with O2 bc they have the enzyme system:
superoxide dismutase - can destroy superoxide radicals toxic for bacteria
catalase - will hydrolyze H2O2
obligate aerobes
fundamentally anaerobic but may live in the presence of O2
aerotolerant anaerobes
requires only a small amount of O2 for growth
- too much O2 will saturate them
microaerophiles
fundamentally aerobic but may live in the ABSENCE of O2
facultative anaerobes
will support both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria
- obligate aerobes -> surface
- obligate anaerobes -> bottom of the tube
Thioglycollate broth (THIO)
organisms with especially demanding nutritional requirements
fastidious
can produce coagulase
staphylococci
can produce streptokinase that can dissolve blood clot
streptococci
causative agent for cholera
vibrio cholerae
prevents phagocytosis
capsules
bacterias that are obligate intracellular pathogens (can’t survive without a living host)
rickettsias and chlamydias
causes typhus fever and have leaky membrane
rickettsia
are energy parasites (uses ATP molecules produced by the host cells to perform metabolic functions)
chlamydia
smallest of the cellular microbes and are pleomorphic
mycoplasma
in humans, pathogenic mycoplasmas cause ___
primary atypical pneumonia
mycoplasmas are resistant to drugs like penicillin that attacks cell wall T or F
true bc they don’t have cell wall
photosynthesis that produces oxygen
oxygenic photosynthesis
photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen
anoxygenic photosynthesis
archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria t or f
true
archaea possess cell walls but their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan t or f
true
