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Cognition > Chapter 7: Consolidating Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Consolidating Memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the consolidation of memory?

A

the physiological process of memories moving from fragile STM to stable LTM

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2
Q

memory consolidation is what type of change?

A

-observable structural change

-synaptic consolidation
-system consolidation

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3
Q

what is synaptic consolidation?

A

the physical neural change at the synapse

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4
Q

what is system consolidation?

A

change in the organization of the neural networks involved in memory

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5
Q

forming a new memory

A

-anything can become a new memory

the brain is made up of many interconnected neurons, and new experiences and cognition are a result in the organized firing of new networks of neurons (memory)

it is a unique combination of hundreds to thousands of coordinated neurons

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6
Q

more in depth explanation of synaptic consolidation

A

-some neurons will communicate to each other for the first time

when two neurons form a new connection few neurotransmitters are released, and firing rates are much slower. This leads to weak encoding a retrieval for new connections.

neural growth proteins are then released which cause protein synthesis

BUT

when you repeatedly use the neural network (encoding and retrieval) growth proteins continue to be released and this causes a stronger neurotransmitter signal and long term potentiation

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7
Q

what is long term potentiation?

A

when fewer neurotransmitters are needed to produce a strong signal

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8
Q

in depth explanation of system consolidation

A

when new experiences/cognition happens the hippocampal neurons communicate with the rest of the brain to begin an neural network (encoding)

if cognition continues (thru working memory) the new network will become stronger and lead to long term potentiation

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9
Q

what are the two models of hippocampal involvement in system consolidation?

A
  1. standard model:
    after encoding becomes so strong, the hippocampus has no role in that LTM retrieval
  2. multiple trace model
    the hippocampus continues to help with retrieval even once encoding has become strong
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10
Q

what was Viskontas (2009)

A

measured fmri activity of the hippocampus while recalling recent and older memories

-HC was active for all recent LTM retrieval (pre long term-potentiation)
-HC after 1 week for episodic memory retrieval-the multiple trace model worked for episodic memories, but the standard model was consistent for semantic memories

**remember patient KC (hippocampal damage)

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11
Q

what is a way consolidation can be disrupted?

A

-electroconvulsive therapy
-concussions or other trauma
-drugs

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12
Q

what is electroconvulsive therapy used for?

A

electrically induces seizures as a way to treat depression

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13
Q

what was Lisbany (2000)

A

Studied memory around ECT treatment

-retrograde amnesia for events right before ECT treatment started
-anterograde amnesia for events right after ECT treatment

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14
Q

physical damage to neurons in a memory network stops ___________.

A

consolidation

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15
Q

what type of damage would cause anterograde amnesia?

A

damage to the hippocampus

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16
Q

what type of damage would cause retrograde amnesia?

A

damage to cerebral network for a given memory

17
Q

what are concussions?

A

-mild traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
-rapid movement deforms the brain or causes it to strike against the skull
-immediate effects are consistent with poor cognition (slurred speech, blurred vision, confusion, poor attention, loss of memory)

18
Q

the loss of memory from concussions comes from…

A

a disruption of the hippocampus to cerebrum network

19
Q

long term memory consolidation occurs ________.

A

gradually

20
Q

at first long term memory consolidation is very…but becomes…

A

fragile

it is very susceptible to interruption especially in the first 3-6 hours

robust with time

becomes less susceptible to memory loss

21
Q

when a TBI occurs, graded amnesia is common, what types of amnesia are often experiences?

A

-retrograde memory loss is common for recent events (the last few seconds, or anything that happened before long term potentiation)

-loss of memory for distant events is less common (months in the past, or events after long term potentiation)

(look at the liklihood of forgetting graphic)

22
Q

the first time we move info from STM to LTM is called…

A

initial encoding

23
Q

when LTM is loved back to stm to be used then stored back in LTM is is…

A

retrieved then re-encoded

24
Q

when an LTM is retrieved, the brain treats it like…

A

brand new sensory info

it becomes an STM all over again, but it allows your working memory to start using that information again

25
Q

initial encoding is the most ________ type of memory

A

accurate

primary source info

26
Q

when memory is reconsolidated it becomes ______ ___________.

A

less accurate

it moves from robust LTM to fragile STM

secondary source info
(the LTM has been changed, even though we arent rlly aware of it)

Hmm I think marks new car was a sportscar with X rims, then your brain encodes that as new sensory info even if it isn’t correct)

27
Q

is is possible to lose LTM during __________.

A

reconsolidation

28
Q

what was Nader (2000)

A

-found that the antibiotic (anisomycin) can be used to stop neural protein synthesis

-injected anisomycin into the spinal fluid of rats
-created a fear LTM in rats by shocking them when playing a sound
-split into a control and 3 different conditions following that”

Control:
Day 1: associated shock and pain
Day 2: nothing
Day 3: played tone=rat freezes

Condition 1:
Day 1: injected anisomycin, associated shock and pain
Day 2: nothing
Day 3: played tone=NO freeze reponse
(prevented initial consolidation, no STM to LTM)

Condition 2:
Day 1: associated shock and pain
Day 2: injected anisomycin
Day 3: played tone=rat freezes
(anisomycin without LTM,, has no effect on LTM)

Condition 3
Day 1: associated shock and pain
Day 2: tone plays=rat freezes, inject anisomycin
Day 3: tone played=no freeze response
(anisomycin during LTM retrieval, preventing STM to LTM reconsolidation)

29
Q

what is PTSD?

A

a disorder involving traumatic memories of threatening events

usually results in intrusive thoughts and physiological reactivity

30
Q

what are intrusive thoughts?

A

unwanted recall of events

31
Q

what is physiological reactivity?

A

distressing physiological response to memory of event (hear rate, sweat rate)

32
Q

how can reconsolidation of memory be applied to therapy?

A

using drugs to alter reconsolidation, or other activities (tetris)

33
Q

what is Lyadurai (2018)

A

tetris study

participants currently in the ER for car accidents were asked to recall the event (LTM to STM)

group 1-played Tetris for 20 min while waiting
group 2-journaled their experience in the ER for 20 min

then followed up a week later, the patients who played tetris suffered from 1/3 of the number of intrusive thoughts about the crash

when events recalled from LTM to STM, the tetris interrupted STM/WM of event, therefore, less STM to LTM reconsolidation

34
Q

What was Brunet (2008)

A

Propanolol (medication) used to turn down fight or flight

PTSD patients were given propanolol during recall of traumatic event, then audio sessions were recorded

35
Q

what is the primary effect of propanolol?

A

-the initial traumatic event consolidation
(high stress STM - high stress LTM)

-session with propanolol
(high stress LTM - high stress STM)
(with propanolol (low stress STM) - low stress LTM)

-future recall of event
(low stress LTM - low stress STM)

36
Q

what is the secondary effect of propanolol?

A

less stress leads to weaker consolidation

37
Q

what was McGaugh (1990)

A

rats given epinephrine (stress hormone) within 30 min of memory task

-no dose = normal memory
-low dose = 60% better memory
-high dose = 90% worse memory

some stress is good for memory too much is bad and not enough is alright but not great

38
Q

what was Hupbach (2007)

A

participants were shown a bag of 20 objects

-on day 2…group 1 was shown a second bag of objects, group 2 was reminded of day 1 objects and then shown a second bag of objects

when participants came back into the lab on day 3, they were asked to recall the Day 1 objects:
-groups 1 incorrectly recalled 5% of the day 2 objects
-group 2 recalled 24% of the day 2 objects

Day 1 - First Bag
day 1 STM-LTM

Day 2- Second Bag
day 1- LTM - STM
day 2-STM - LTM

Day 3-first bag recall
day 1 + day 2 LTM-STM

39
Q

what is Gais (2006)

A

participants learned a list of words then were tested a day later

they found that the only variable that mattered was how soon the participant was able to sleep after learning the words

this is because sleep prevents any new information from interrupting encoding, and helped with physiological consolidation too

Cognition (10 decks)

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