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Cognition > Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is perception?

A

an experience resulting from a stimulus which provides information for cognition

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2
Q

some perception is_______and some is_____________

A

personal (ex. pain and beauty)

environmental (gaining accuracy as we gain information) (the bike, wall, sitting picture)

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3
Q

visual cognition is very _________

A

complex

computers struggle with it more than humans

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4
Q

the 2004 DARPA grand challenge

A

DARPA created a 150 mile driverless car challenge

the best vehicle made it 7.4 miles before getting stuck on a rock

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5
Q

humans are very good at making sense of ________. Whereas computers can_____________.

A

complex visual scenes

make look at more things at once, but with less accuracy

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6
Q

why is visual perception so difficult?

A

-the inverse projection problem
-partial information
-viewpoint variance

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7
Q

what is the inverse projection problem?

A

-visual sensory information without context is ambiguous, all sensory info looks the same to our retina/a computer

**look at the photo of the soccer balls

ie) a lego soccer ball an inch from your face looks the same to your eye as a 100 ft soccer ball 100 feet away or something like that you get the point

this is why optical illusions work

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8
Q

what does partial information have to do with the difficulty of visual processing

A

-objects can be partially hidden or blurred which gives us a loss of high frequency information which makes things difficult to decipher without context

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9
Q

what does viewpoint variance have to do with the difficulty of visual processing?

A

-scenes are constantly changing based on the angle you are looking at them from

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10
Q

what helps make visual processing easier?

A

experience and processing power

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11
Q

how do humans handle things like visual and auditory processing so well?

A

utilizing top down and bottom up processing

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12
Q

what type of processing is related to sensation?

A

bottom up processing

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13
Q

what is bottom up processing

A

processing that occurs when one does not have previous experience with the stimulus

usually taken from environmental information

ex1. you hear a strange beeping you have never heard before and use your senses to figure out what it is

ex2. the zelda song in class to you

ex3. visual light on the eye or pressure on the eardrum

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14
Q

what type of processing is associated with perception?

A

top down processing

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15
Q

what is top down processing?

A

processing that occurs when you have previous knowledge or expectations about the stimulus

ex.1 a song plays that to the normal person may just be a song, but to you it is your ringtone so it makes your skin crawl a little

ex 2 you see a photo of a really specific piece of softball equipment, and a normal person may not know what it is, but you perceive it differently because you have context.

ex 3 the swedish o that looks like a face but actually means island

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16
Q

what are the ways top down processing is used in visual context?

A
  1. semantic context:
    these are facts that help us process
    ex. horses and humans go together, horses and engines do not, therefore the blurry photo must be a person on a horse
  2. spatial configuration:
    this is locational context
    ex. humans ride on top of horses, horses cannot ride on top of humans or they would crush them. therefore in the blurry photo the human must be sitting on top of the horse
  3. pose
    this is directional context
    ex. horses and humans typically face the same way when riding. So we will perceive the blurry horse riding photo as being a person facing forward even though they’re actually facing backward
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17
Q

how is top down processing used for speech?

A
  1. speech segmentation
    -recognizing where one word ends and another begins
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18
Q

how does speech segmentation work?

A

we use transitional probability, meaning we learn what sounds typically signify the end of a word

ex. -ing, -tion, -ed, -ly

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19
Q

most perception is….

A

unconscious,, we just do it

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20
Q

what is the likelihood principle?

A

we receive the most likely interpretation first (A not B)

horses not zebra

21
Q

what are the gestalt principles of organization?

A

a series of 144 common visual heuristics (assumptions) that save us time and cognitive effort

22
Q

what are the 6 principles of organization

A
  1. Principle of proximity
  2. principle of similarity
  3. principle of closure
  4. principle of good continuation
  5. principle of simplicity
  6. principle of common region
23
Q

what is the principle of proximity?

A

elements near each other are related

ex. ppl sitting together in cowan are probable friends

24
Q

what is the principle of similarity?

A

elements with physical resemblance are related

ex. all sports teams wear the same uniform

25
Q

what is the principle of closure?

A

elements of gaps are still perceived as whole

ex. when students are sitting behind their desks, Dr. Morris still knows they have legs

26
Q

what is the principle of good continuation?

A

elements that cross or are interrupted continue

ex. tangled headphones

27
Q

what is the principle of simplicity?

A

elements are seen in a way that makes them as simple as possible

ex. looking at silhouettes of men in the sunset, we will perceive them as men not as a conglomeration of shapes

28
Q

what is the principle of common region?

A

elements that are grouped within the same region are related

ex. crops in the same row in a garden are probably the same crop

29
Q

what are environmental regularities?

A

there are patterns in the environment that we use to guide our perception

30
Q

what two cases have to do with environmental regularities?

A
  1. Kleffner 1992
  2. Palmer 1975
31
Q

explain kleffner 1992

A

we assume shadows resut from the sun even in virtual environments using physical regularities:
-convex or concave
-light from above assumptions
-single light assumption

32
Q

explain palmer 1975

A

we perceive objects easier when it makes sense in the environment using semantic regularities

ex. the bread vs. the mailbox in the kitchen.

Individuals were shown a scene of a kitchen with a series of objects and then asked to list what they saw. Some people were shown bread and others a mailbox. Most of the participants identified the bread, but only 40% identified the mailbox

33
Q

humans are _______ for perception

A

pre-disposed

34
Q

what was furmanski 2000?

A

looked at neural activation in the promary visual cortex

our visual cortex responds greater (more AP) to vertical and horizontal stimuli than slanted stimuli

this is why we built our cities the way we do :)

35
Q

where is an area of the brain where specialized perception occurs?

A

The Fusiform Face Area

36
Q

what is the role of the fusiform face area?

A

-processes facial information
-notices small facial details

37
Q

what was Gauthier (1999)

A

-researchers wanted to know if humans were born with facial expertise, or if it is something we practice?

-authors created “new” faces called greebles

-participants memorized families of greebles for 7 hours over 6 sessions
-participants gained a 96% recognition rate
-utilized fMri to monitor FFA activity

38
Q

what were the results of part one of the Gauthier (1999) study?

A

after 6 sessions there was no statistical difference between activity in the FFA with faces and greebles

over time there was more FFA processing of greebles over time and less processing of human faces over time

**this one confuses me

39
Q

what was part 2 of the Gauthier study (2000)

A

-tested people with expertise in identifying birds and cars

-bird watchers had more activity in the FFA when looking at birds
-car fans had more FFA activity when looking at cars

40
Q

what does the Gauthier study part 1 and part 2 say about the FFA?

A
  1. not quite sure yet, I think it is just that the FFA can adjust to things that are not quite faces insinuating that it is learned
  2. The FFA is responsible for more than just faces but mainly: fine details
41
Q

what are visual pathways?

A

visual information goes into the primary visual cortex (occipital lobe) and after that it either goes into the parietal lobe or the temporal lobe

42
Q

what visual pathway goes through the parietal lobe?

A

dorsal pathway

43
Q

what visual pathway goes through the temporal lobe?

A

ventral pathway

44
Q

What was the mishkin (1983) monkey study?

A

tested the dorsal and ventral pathways of monkeys:

  1. dorsal:
    -monkeys learned that food was under the block closest to the cylinder
    -then they had their parietal love removed
    -they lost the ability to choose correctly

why? without the parietal lobe, left and right lose their meaning and are unable to know how to pick where the food is)

  1. ventral:
    -monkeys learned that food is under a square green block
    -monkeys then had their temporal lobe removed
    -they lost the ability to find the food

why? without the temporal lobe the money cannot differentiate visual information. If you ask them what they are looking at they will have no idea but can dodge something coming at them.

45
Q

what is the action pathway?

A

within the dorsal pathway

the where and how

damage to it causes difficulty perceiving and processing ACTION

46
Q

what is ideomotorapraxia?

A

occurs in humans when there is brain damage to the parietal love and action pathways and individuals cannot process or perceive action

47
Q

what is the perception pathway?

A

within the ventral pathway

the what

damage to it causes difficulty in differentiating and perceiving visual information)

48
Q

Who was patient DF, what did he have, and what does that mean?

A

Pt DF had a condition called blind sight, meaning he was unable to make meaning of visual information

he
1. could not identify angles (bilateral ventral stream damage)
2. but could take action using angle information with an ok dorsal stream

49
Q

step by step coffee example of ventral and dorsal pathways

A
  1. identify coffee (V-P)
  2. reach hand toward cup (D-A)
  3. locate handle of cup (V-P)
  4. Position hand around handle (D-A)
  5. Lift Cup off of table (D-A)
  6. Notice spilling (V-P)
  7. Adjust cup (D-A)

Cognition (5 decks)

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