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Cognition > Chapter 4: Attention > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Attention Flashcards

1
Q

attention

A

the ability to focus cognition on specific information

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2
Q

selective attention

A

ignoring one stimuli for another

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3
Q

what is an example of selective attention

A

cocktail party effect

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4
Q

what is sustained attention?

A

the ability to sustain selective attention over time

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5
Q

what is divided attention

A

alternating attention between multiple stimuli

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6
Q

we allow low priority information to go through our filter, but…

A

you still hear things you’re not intentionally listening for, what is the benefit of this?

you can still listen to information that is pertinent to you and your safety

ex. FIRE

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7
Q

treismans (1965) attention model

A
  1. we sort all information as high an low priority (attenuation) depending on the goal
  2. we focus most cognition on high priority information
  3. low and high priority information can be switched (Dictionary Unit Ability) if your goals change “FIRE!!”
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8
Q

what is attenuation?

A

the ability to sort information into low and high priority

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9
Q

what is Dictionary Unit Ability?

A

the ability to switch high and low priority information when goals change

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10
Q

what is the attenuation model (probably should know the diagram)

A

(probably should know the diagram)

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11
Q

without selective attention….

A

irrelevant information uses up our cognition

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12
Q

what is processing (cognitive) capacity

A

how much information we can handle cognitively

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13
Q

what is the task load model?

A

how mentally effortful the current task were focusing on

our attention keeps this low

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14
Q

forster 2008

A

“is the letter N present”

measured performance as reaction time

-low task load : uses a small amount of our processing capacity for tasks
0
N 0
0 0
0

-high task load: uses a larger amount of our processing capacity for tasks
K
M Z
H X
W
researchers then added an irrelevant picture/distraction

task load and pikachu:
use some of the processing capacity for task and some for the distracting. Then looked at if high or low load was more impacted

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15
Q

in forster 2008 what happened when pikachu was added to the high load?

A

-2% lower response (+19ms)
-no change in errors

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16
Q

in forster 2008, what happened when pikachu was added to the low load?

A

-12% lower response (+60ms)
-42% more errors

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17
Q

why were the low load trials in Forster 2008 more impacted by the pikachu distraction?

A

**look at the circle diagrams

there is more cognitive room to devote to the distraction stimulus and that provides more opportunities to make errors. When you don’t have the cognitive space to intake a distraction you are more likely to ignore it

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18
Q

some information is more ____________ than others

A

distracting

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19
Q

what is attention capturing?

A

we automatically put attention on things we practiced

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20
Q

what is the Stroop effect (1935)

A

-reading words is a very practiced task
-it is hard not to read words

ppl were tasked to state the color of different words “red, blue, green” ppl are inclined to just read the color rather than answering what color the word is written in
** look at the circle chart

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21
Q

we direct our visual attention with our_________, this is called _________ ____________.

A

eyes

overt attention

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22
Q

what is central vision?

A

-visual attention priority
-detailed vision (cone cells)
-1% of our field of vision

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23
Q

what is peripheral vision?

A

-limited detail vision (rod cells)
-ability to grab attention as needed

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24
Q

you increase your limited central vision by…..

A

moving your eye (aka scanning)

25
Q

what is saccadic movement?

A

-jerky movements between fixations
-occurs several times per second

26
Q

what are fixation points?

A

brief pause in eye movements use to collect information

27
Q

what is stimulus salience?

A

physical visual properties that capture our attention (fixation)

28
Q

what are the different types of stimuli that usually capture our attention (stimulus salience)

A
  1. contrast (difference from surroundings)
  2. color and brightness
  3. movement
29
Q

how does bottom up processing apply to stimulus salience?

A

-a visual stimuli sticks out based on the raw stimuli

example: upside down billboards

30
Q

what are scene schemas?

A

knowledge, interests, and goals that also guide visual attention

31
Q

how does top down processing apply to scene schemas?

A

-visual stimuli captures your attention because you have prior knowledge of it

example:
-where you look during sports
-noticing an unusual car brand
-THE CYBERTRUCK

32
Q

what is goal driven attention?

A

we use our visual attention to achieve our goals

33
Q

what is the Land (1999) Sandwich Study?

A

explains goal driven attention through watching eye movements while making a sandwich

Steps of attention:
1. locating object
2. directing movement
3. checking the state of next object

our fixations predict our next actionw

34
Q

what is the yarbus 1961 painting study

A

discovered when looking at the paintings, people mainly focus on things in the center of the art piece, and they focus on faces

35
Q

what is overt attention?

A

our eyes control new environmental information

36
Q

what is covert attention?

A

our eyes may be somewhere, but our cognition may be elsewhere

37
Q

what is visual cortex topography?

A

used to study covert attention

the physical space in the world matches physical space in the brain

38
Q

Datta (2009)

A

“mind reading”

participants looked at Location A but focused attention at Location B

overt (A) v. covert (B)

used fMri to look at location greatest’s visual cortex activation and were able to map movement of attention across the cerebrum

found that the farther your attention is from where youre looking, your attention in the occipical lobe moves

39
Q

what was shinoda (2001)?

A

assessed driving attention

“did they look at stop signs?”

when participants were told to drive normally they looked at the stop sign
-100% of the time at intersections
-33% of the time at non intersections

when participants were told to follow another car, they looked at the stop signs:
-15% of the time at an intersection
-8% of the time at non-intersection

why didn’t they see it? it is really hard to divide our attention

40
Q

dividing attention requires…

A

free processing capacity

41
Q

multiple high load tasks are _______ __ _________. why?

A

hard to balance because your cognitive capacity is full

42
Q

practice can make cognitive loads __________, and frees up _________ __________.

A

lower, cognitive space

43
Q

practicing a task can lead to what concept?

A

automatic processing (automaticity)

44
Q

can driving become automatic?

A

driving can become so effortless (low load) that you can actually do it in your sleep (sleep walking)

45
Q

humans have the impressive ability to develop _________

A

automaticity

46
Q

what was Schneider (1977)

A

-participants were given target numbers to identify

-then shown 20 sets of 4 random letters (80 letters in .5 seconds)
-this was done VERY fast (making it high load)

-they were then asked “did the target numbers appear?”

after 10 trials participants had 55% accuracy with 1 target to look for

after 1000 trials, participants had 90% accuracy when given 4 targets to look for

this illustrates the concept of automaticity

47
Q

automaticity is not always….

A

good

48
Q

what was the naturalistic driving study?

A

from 2001 to 2005 the DOT had drivers volunteer to be recorded

-they recorded 109 cars for 12 months
-paid $137 a month
-most drivers had over 10 years of driving experience

this resulted in an 861 page write up from 43,000 hours of data

there were 82 crashes and 771 near crashes

in 80% of crashes, drivers were distracted for 3 seconds before the event (they were dividing their attention)

275 admitted to texting while driving

49
Q

in driving distraction what examples are overt inattention?

A
  1. a secondary task
  2. driving related inattention
50
Q

in driving distraction what is an example of covert inattention?

A

drowsiness

you’re looking at the road but your cognition is elsewhere

51
Q

visual inattention

A

not looking for

52
Q

cognitive inattention

A

looking but not seeing

53
Q

what was strayer (2001)

A

-driving simulator study
-drivers were told to talk on the phone
-red light scenario (light changed from yellow to red)

-drivers:
A. ran 2x more red lights
B. took 100ms longer to hit the brakes

shows even talking takes away mental resources,, your cognitive capacity becomes filled

54
Q

what is cognitive bottleneck?

A

when cognitive capacity becomes full, and you experience:
-slower processing
-inability to process additional information

distractions contribute to cognitive bottleneck

55
Q

what is inattentional blindness

A

things with low importance/low salience are not likely to be prioritized,, therefore ignored

56
Q

what was cartwright-finch (2007)

A

the cross visual test (visual inattention blindness)
but researchers have a grey box placed in the corner or the picture

“which arm is blue, vertical or horizontal?” (low load task)
when asked “did you see the box” 45% didn’t (blindness)

“which arm is longer, vertical or horizontal?” (high load task) \
when asked “did you see the box?” 90% didn’t

57
Q

what was raven (2015)

A

(load induced inattentional deafness)

-“is letter X present?’ (low load)
then asked, “did you notice the tone?” 18% didn’t
0
N 0
0 0
0

-is the letter X present (high load)
then asked “did you notice the tone?” 55% didn’t
x
N K
H B
Y

58
Q

trauma induced inattention

A

-unilateral visual neglect
-inferior parietal lobe damage
-medial temporal lobe damage

-loss of attention contralateral (opposite) the damage
9right side damage, left side neglect)

what does eye tracking data look like?
Patient GK

59
Q

what was husain 2001

A

asked patients to look at a screen and find the T’s to assess brain damage and attentional blindness

Cognition (5 decks)

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