Chapter 10: Sound and Audio Flashcards
what is language?
sound and symbol based system of communication used for expression
hierarchical,, small components are combined to form larger ideas all levels
language is ______ based
rule
word arrangement has meaning
“stranger things is overrated”
“things overrated is stranger”
Stephens (2009)
semantics (word meaning) matters
associated pain and swearing
participants placed their hand in ice water until they could stand the pain-cold pressor task
separated into a swearing and non-swearing group,, measured perceived pain, voluntary duration of pain, and heart rate
FOUND:
if allowed to swear individuals experienced less pain, were able to tolerate pain longer, and had increased heart rate
swee (2015)
semantics (word meaning) matters
hearing a coding of yourself swearing does not help
the nun study
language tells us about the brain
0679 catholic nuns
-tracked their health/morality for the next 60 years
-agreed to a brain autopsy
-studied their autobiographies written at the time of vows
the average age of vows-22 years old
Danner (2001)
longer life associated with the use of positivity (love, hope) in young writings
people who spoke positive were 2.5 times more likely to live to their 90s (approx 70% more likely)
Snowden (1996)
association of Alzheimer’s and cognitive ability in youth
poor cognitive ability later in life was associated with low idea density/complexity in young writing
no development of Alzheimer’s in those with high idea density
the 14 nuns who died youngest all had low idea density writing
presence of neurofibrillary tangles (biomarkers of Alz.)
every society/culture ever discovered has had _____________.
Language
Deaf children create new universal hand signs to communicate
40% of twins create their own autonomous form of communication
(cryptophasia-secret language
why is language universal?
- language is the result of reward based learning
-we are predisposed to language
B.F Skinner (1957)
-language is the result of reward based learning
-language helps maximize reward
how would this apply to children?
-needs get met through communication, and social reward is recieved
Noam Chomsky (1957)
-we are predisposed for language, it occurs regardless of reward
-in support of skinner ~ 1/2 of all first words are objects children commonly interact with (Tarfid, 2008)
what is the language sensitivity period?
-the first 12 years of brain mass growth
-there is a curve for mass growth,, most happens in the first 3 years and then levels off until 12
-babbling (organized sounds) begins at 6 mo,, 50% of brain mass
-one-word communication begins at 1 year, 60% of brain mass
-two word communication begins at 2 years, 75% of brain mass
-complex sentences begin at 3 years, 80% of brain mass
cohn (2019)
an emoji only conversation with the prompt “what is the perfect date”
-common meaning is largely held among the answers
the left hemisphere is the dominant side for__________ ____________.
language development
(not 100%)
what are the language neural networks?
- ventral pathway: in charge of semantics
spans the temporal to the frontal - dorsal pathway: in charge of syntax, spans from the temporal to the premotor cortex
- developed-dorsal pathway: responsible for brocas area connections
language processes requires what type of plasticity?
superior temporal neural plasticity
what are some examples of temporal neural plasticity in language?
-those with dyslexia (decreased plasticity) show language deficits in language and a decrease in language familiarity after exposure
what are the different kinds of strokes?
-ischemic stroke
-hemorrhagic stroke
what is an ischemic stroke
blood clot blocks blood flow to park of the brain
