Chapter 5: Short Term and Working Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
the process involved in retaining and using cognitive information
what is encoding?
a process of memory where you are ADDING info
what is retrieval?
a process of memory where info is REMOVED or pulled out of the brain
what is sensory short term memory?
new and currently used information
what is long term memory?
memory that is stored
we talk about the capacity of memory in terms of…
pieces of information
remember this….object, letter, word, person
information decays with…
time
what was Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
changed the game by creating the “modal model of memory?
what is the modal model of memory?
**should prob know how to draw
divided into 3 subparts and all can feed into one another:
1. sensory memory- experiencing info
(must use before it decays)
2. short term memory - using information
(must rehearse before it decays)
3. long term memory- storing it for later
(must retrieve before it decays)
if information is not used then it will be lost (aka forgotten)
word description of the modal model of memory:
begins with an input
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input taken in by the sensory memory
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moved to the short term memory where it will be OUTPUT but also can be —> rehearsed
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information may or man not be then moved to long term memory
what is sensory memory?
the short term retention of sensory stimuli
when the stimuli is remove, but the perception remains BUT only lasts a few seconds
what is iconic memory
the sensory memory of vision
what is echoic memory?
the sensory memory of sound
what is haptic memory?
the sensory memory of touch
what was sperling (1960)?
studied the capacity of sensory memory
individuals were shown 12 letters for 50 ms
participants could recall 37% of letters, but really the recal depended on how fast could you write
“can you write fast enough before your sensory (iconic) memory runs out?
2nd part:
indiviuals were instructed which line to recall numbers from AFTER a pause
they only recalled 10% of letters
according to sperling 1960, how long does decay of sensory memory take to occur
.5 seconds
what is short term memory?
information you are thinking about right now
made up of
1. newly acquired sensory memory
2. newly recalled information from long term memory
how long does short term memory last before it decays OR stored in LTM?
15-20 seconds
who was patient HM?
Henry Molasion
had part of his hippocampus (ablasion) to control seizures
-he lost his ability to convert STM to LTM
-lived life one STM at a time
-However he still had childhood memories
this is called ANTERGRADE AMNESIA
what was Miller 1956?
“magic number study”
“how long does STM last?”
tested the capacity of short term memory
gave participants a digit span task by asking them to recall a series of numbers
results: we can remember 7+/-2 (5-9)
what was Luck 1997?
found that memory changes depending on what input information you’re using
when participants were asked “which squares changed colors, they had a more difficult time remembering
what is chunking
a way to aid out STM capacity
it is where you combine unrelated pieces of info into fewer related pieces
ex. 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 8, 1, 9
see as 01/21/1819
who was patient SF?
with 200 hours of chunking and training, could remember 79 digits!!
was very efficient at creating meaning (chunks)
ex. 2654921031
a 6’2” runner ran a 5:49 mile 2 times on 10/31
what is working memory?
holding on to information and using information
the ability to use STM being held
-comprehend
-practice using
-making connections
(is the rehearsal part of the MMM)
