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Cognition > Chapter 6: Long Term Memory Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Long Term Memory Structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is long term memory?

A

past info that can be accessed by STM

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2
Q

what is free recall memory

A

usually “short answer” type question without a specific prompt

spill all the info you know

ex. “who is the actor in this movie”

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3
Q

what is recognition memory?

A

the use of cues to help us recall

multiple choice questions

ex. jack white’s recognition with one second of Beatles songs

“was this actor (the rock) in this movie?”

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4
Q

information from the long term memory is retrieved in the same way it is….

A

encoded

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5
Q

when information is visually encoded…

A

we retrieve images

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6
Q

when information is auditorily encoded…

A

we retrieve sounds

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7
Q

when information is semantically encoded…

A

we retrieve it as ideas

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8
Q

what is the word recall method?

A

when we are given a long list of words to remember, it is too much for our STM. So, we notice patterns to help us.

gives us the serial positioning effect

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9
Q

what is the serial positioning effect?

A

-the first words are easier to recall (primacy effect0

-the last words are easier to recall (recency effect)

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10
Q

what happens when a word list is shown with an interrupting tasks?

A

group one: had to remember 4 lists of words about fruit (F), about 30% of last listed recalled

group two: had to remember 3 lists of words about people (P), about 70% of last list recalled

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11
Q

we encode info based on…

A

category

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12
Q

what is category interference?

A

it can be hard to remember information that is too similar, it all blurs together

when a new topic is introduced it is easier to remember because it is part of a new category and is distinct

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13
Q

what is information gist

A

we don’t rlly get specifics of information, we just get the general ‘gist’ of it

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14
Q

what was Sachs 1967?

A

participants have 45 seconds to read a paragraph about Galileo, then were asked a multiple choice recognition question

they recalled the gist information but not exact info

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15
Q

what was bower 1970?

A

participants given a list of word pairs
(boat-tree, dog-mountain, etc.)

One group repeated the words to themselves
-5% of ppl recalled “tree”

one group formed a mental picture
-13% recalled “tree”

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16
Q

what is the levels of processing theory?

A

retrieval depends on the depth of cognitive processing used

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17
Q

what are the two levels of processing?

A

shallow processing
-low cognition/attention
-makes few neural connections

deep processing
-high cognition/attention
-more neural connections

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18
Q

what was Craik and Tulving (1975)

A

participants responded y/n to simple questions, then asked to recall words

-is this word ANGRY capitalized?
(15% recognized)

-is this word positive: ANGRY?
(50% recognized)

-does this word describe you: Angry?
(80%)

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19
Q

our level of processing changes depending on our…

A

motivation/attention

20
Q

what is Narine (2008)

A

particpants were given one of three prompts:
A. you will be tested later
B. imagine the object in your head
C. trying to survive in the wild

results:
%correctly recognized and time to recognize words
A (46%, 3.3s)
B (48%, 3.3s)
C (57%, 2.7s)

ADAPTIVE MEMORY

21
Q

what is adaptive memory?

A

the idea that our current motivational state encourages better encoding

more accurate and faster

22
Q

what is encoding specificity?

A

our LTM retrieval may become overly dependent on the specifics of our encoding environment

23
Q

what was Godwin and Baddeley (1975)?

A

a group of 18 avid divers learned 36 words in OR out of the water

they then did a recall test in or our of the water

24
Q

what is emotional encoding specificity

A

the idea that our encoding relies on our emotional state

25
Q

what was Eich (1989)?

A

studied word list after listening to happy music or sad music

results:
happy/happy-32%
happy/sad-17%
sad/sad-27%
sad/happy-17%

STATE DEPENDENT LEARNING

26
Q

what are the distinct types of LTM?

A

-procedural memory (memory of skill)

-semantic memory (memory of facts)

-episodic memory (memory of experiences

-autobiographical (mix of episodic and semantic)

27
Q

what are explicit memories?

A

memories we are aware of

episodic and semantic

used by our working memory

28
Q

what are implicit memories?

A

memories we are unaware of

procedural memory, priming effects, and conditioning

29
Q

what is the semantization of LTM?

A

LTM is dominated by semantic type memory as time goes on

episodic fading

30
Q

what is petrician (2010)?

A

recent memories (less than 10 yrs)
-35% are episodic

distant memories (more than 40 yrs)
-15% are episodic

EPISODIC FADING

31
Q

what is amnesia?

A

aka forgetting

LTM disfunction from something other than time related fade

32
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

difficulty moving LTM to STM

33
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

difficulty moving STM to LTM

34
Q

what are some causes of amnesia?

A

trauma, damage, disease

35
Q

double dissociation of LTM and STM

A

Patient HM
-had a removed hippocampus
-anterograde amnesia
-normal digit span/STM

Patient KF
-broad cerebral damage from car crash
-normal LTM
-STM suffered

36
Q

case study of trauma induced amnesia

A

kim and krickett carpenter

married 10 weeks when they got into a car crash that took 18 months of Krickett’s LTM away (left her with explicit retrograde amnesia)

had to relearn who we husband was and fall back in love with him

37
Q

alcohol induced amnesia

A

more extreme version-korsakoffs syndrome

38
Q

what is korsakoffs syndrome? How is it related to alcohol, what are some other causes?

A

caused by a thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1)

alcohol reduces the absorption of thiamine in the body, thiamine is important for glial cell/glutamate function

interrupts LTM processes
(encoding and retreival)
(leads an “honest lying” effect)

39
Q

what is expertise induced amnesia?

A

automaticity allows us to act with low cognitive processing

it is reliant on procedural memory

there is no need for explicity LTM encoding

40
Q

what is an example of experienced induced amnesia?

A

athletes acting without specific memory of an event,, like Sydney Crosby

41
Q

what was Stickgold 2000?

A

participants played tetris before bed 3 days, awoken at night and asked about their immediate dream

those with anterograde amnesia had no explicit memory of playing the game and expressed no skill improvement, but described tetris like dreams

42
Q

double dissociation of memory type

A

Patient LP
-had viral encephalitis (brain infection)
-semantic retrograde amnesia
(loss of past factual information, and difficulty with events and people)
-was as though they lived in isolation
-but episodic memory was intact

Patient KC
-bilateral hippocampus damage and other (hay bale, dune buggy, and motorcycle accident)
-intact semantic memory
-episodic retrograde amnesia
-loss of past personal/lived information, but can tell you facts about it
(he couldnt tell you about his childhood, but he could draw u a map of the neighborhood and tell you where everyone lived)

43
Q

patient HM (explicit v. implicit mem)

A

-could not make new explicit LTM
(he never recognized his doctors)
-but he could create new implicit LTM
(improved mirror tracing performance despite not remembering how to do the task )

44
Q

Patient LSJ (explicit v. implicit memory)

A

-bilateral hippocampal damage from the herpes virus
-was a skilled violinist before the virus
-after had poor song recognition (explicit)
-had the ability to improve sight reading music ability (implicit)
-could not remember having seen te piece before

45
Q

implicit LTM - Priming

A

-past experiences impact cognition
-accuracy and speed of recall
-also fondness for information
-propaganda effect

46
Q

what is the propaganda effect?

A

the more we see info the more we like and trust it
-products come to the mind easier
(rolex)

47
Q

what was graph 1985?

A

anterograde amnesiacs were shown a word list and then asked to freely recall words (explicit)
-1/2 as many words recalled compared to control

they were then asked to complete words (implicit) they were shown
-same accuracy and speed as control

Cognition (10 decks)

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