Chapter 7: Changing Behaviour Flashcards
Discuss the 3 main groups of theories of behaviour.
- Individual psychosocial and cognitive approaches
- Social theories and models
- Structural and environmental theories.
State the principles theories in the behaviour change context
Health belief model:
Theory of reasoned action and Theory of planned behaviour: suggest people are reasonable beings who systematically process and use all info available when making decisions and planning their behaviour. According to this theory to change behaviour there is a prior reason to comprehend and change cognitive structures that govern certain types of behaviour
Integrative behaviour prediction model
Social cognitive learning theory.
Which factors can influence the realisation of change in sexual behaviour?
Self awareness of being at risk
Perception of own susceptibility to HIV
Realisation of consequences of the virus
Belief that certain behaviour will reduce susceptibility.
Concern about good health in general.
Experience of symptoms of infection
An HIV positive diagnosis
Define intentions with reference to HIV
Are reflections of all motivational factors that influence behaviour. They are indications of how hard people are willing to try or how much effort they are planning to put into performing a behaviour.
What are subjective norms
Refer to influence of important others on our decision making process influenced by
Beliefs of important reference groups or people in a person’s life
Desire to please these references groups.
What are subjective norms
Refer to influence of important others on our decision making process influenced by
Beliefs of important reference groups or people in a person’s life
Desire to please these references groups.
What is normative and attitudinal control
Normative control is when a person’s behaviour is strongly influenced by his/her peers values
Attitudinal control is when a person’s behaviour is dictated by what he/she values and believes which isn’t dependant on what others think and feel
What is perceived behaviour control
Refers to the extent to which a person thinks they are able to perform a specific task.
People with high self efficacy are more motivated to master new situations and behaviour and more persistent in their attempts to reach specific goals than those with low self efficacy.
List some obstacles to changed sexual behaviour
People give up to use condom’s if they find it stressful to initiate or maintain.
Unsupportive partners and peers lead to the giving up of safer sex.
Difficult to change sexual behaviour if they aren’t offered alternative sex practices to replace risky behaviour.
Use of alcohol and drug
What is your health locus of control
The extent to which you believe you have control of events that affect your health.
External health locus of control believe that they have little control over their own health and be less inclined to get involved in preventative and promote behaviour
Internal health locus of control believe that they can influence and control their own health through personal behaviour.
Provide examples of life skills
- Assertiveness
- Self efficacy
- Positive self concept which is the way in which a person views themselves.
- Ability to resist peer pressure
- Problem solving skills
- Conflict resolution which is the methods and processes people use to end violence or conflict peacefully.
- Effective communication skills
Explain what stages of change theories are
These are theories that assume that change is a process and that people must move through these to change and they focus on changes in individuals rather than change in a social context.
These models include the Transtheoretical model of Prochaska and DiClemente
Aids risk reduction model of Catania Kegeles and Coates.
Discuss the Transtheoretical model
Stage 1: pre contemplation
Person sees no danger and is ignorant of contracting HIV. They have no intention of changing their behaviour as they see nothing wrong
Stage 2: contemplation
Person now becomes aware of behaviour and seeks to change it. They weight up the pros and cons of doing so
Stage 3: preparation
Intention to change is strong and make an attempt at change.
Stage 4: action
People undergo change in overt behaviour as well as the environmental conditions which effect their behaviour. They act on beliefs of self efficacy.
Stage 5: maintenance
Person tried to maintain changed behaviour and prevent relapsing to old behaviour
Stage 6: termination
Have complete sense of self efficacy and feel no temptation to relapse.
Expand on the aids risk reduction model
Stage 1: behavioural labelling
Person must be able to label own behaviour as risky based on 3 elements
•knowledge about transmission and prevention of HIV
•perception of susceptibility to HIV
•belief on undesirability of infection
Stage 2: commitment to change
Individual must commit to reducing risky behaviour and increasing safe behaviour. this is shaped through factors of:
√perception of psychological and social cost and benefits of high/ low risk behaviour.
√perception of effectiveness of new behaviour
√perceived enjoyment
√normative beliefs and social support
√level of self efficacy
Stage 3: taking action
Person takes action by enacting desired behaviour. In 3 phases
- seeking info on how to modify behaviour
- remedies for helping styles
- enacting solutions
What are social theories and provide examples
Theories that work with principles that can be broken down into smaller subcultures and members of immediate surroundings like peers have the most significant influence on a person behaviour.
Example are the social network theory
Diffusion of innovation theory
Theory of gender and power
What is the social network theory
It suggests that the attributes of individuals are less important than their relationships and ties with other people or groups within the social network when trying to achieve change.
Social network theory views social relationships in terms of nodes which are individual actors within the networks and ties which are the relationship between individuals.
Discuss the diffusion of innovation theory
It explains how a new practice can spread through a social system in such a way that it becomes a social norm through adoption from an influencial person. Based on 4 concepts
- Innovation: is any idea item thought or process that client perceives as new.
- Communication: message about new idea that’s communicated or transmitted through certain channels from one person to another.
- Social system: message communicated to members who will either adopt or reject new idea.
- Time: refers to duration it takes for group to adopt innovation.
State what the theory of gender and power is
Sexual division of labor
Sexual division of power
Structure of cathexis which is the investment of mental/ emotional energy in a person which refers to affective component of relationship where women are seen as sexually passive.
Explore some theories about gender based violence and abuse
Patriarchy: a social system in which men have the power to make decisions for women. This can contribute to violence in:
+Early childhood socialisation: have limited power and authority
+Prescribed male dominant and female submissive roles: violence against women is a manifestation of general culture of violence that’s endemic to SA
+Sexist organisation of society: systematic discrimination of women facilitates dependence of women on men.
Subculture theory
Suggest violence against women occurs more in lower class of society where poverty unemployment and inadequate education are rife.
Give intervention strategies to protect women
Challenge concepts of masculinity and femininity
Change social values and ideas that keeps women in positions of inferiority.
Offer job training programs to build skills.
Increase amount of control women have over own sexuality.
What are structural and environmental theories
These theories see human behaviour as a function of not only the individual and their immediate social networks but also as dependent on wider communal political economic environment.
Explain the empowerment model
Empowerment is a central factor of community organization practise to ensure the health of individual and society and refers to the process through which individuals and communities are enabled to take power and act effectively in transforming their lives and environment
It further refers to ability of people to gain understanding of social cultural economic and political forces that structure reality to access the fundamental conditions like peace shelter and education.
Multilevel model joins all three levels of individual organisational and community providing the most effective means to enable support and control needed to facilitate change.
Comment on the socio-ecological model for health promotion
Successful activities to promote health involve advocacy organizational change policy development economic change and support environmental change.
Behaviour can be determined by:
- Intrapersonal factors: characteristics within the individual like knowledge attitudes behaviour self concept
- Interpersonal processes: formal and informal social networks and support including family and friends
- Institutional factors: social institutions with organisational characteristics and formal and informal rules and regulations
- Community factors: relationships among organisation institution and informal network within defined boundaries.
- Public policy: local state and national laws and policies.
