Chapter 12: Counseling Principles And Skills Flashcards

1
Q

What is an important requirement of HIV counsellors

A

Compassion for another person’s struggle to live beyond the confines of disease and the willingness and commitment to walk with the patient

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2
Q

What is counseling

A

It a facilitative process in which a counselor within the framework of a special helping relationship uses specific skills to assist clients to develop self knowledge emotional acceptance emotional growth and personal resources

It involves addressing and working through specific problems making decisions managing crises dealing with feelings and resolving inner conflict

Aim is to:
Manage clients problems more effectively and develop unused opportunity to cope more fully

Become empowered so that they can become effective self helpers in their everyday lives.

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3
Q

What is humanism

A

Is a psychological school of thought which is a psychological and philosophical view that emphasizes the value of human beings established by Carl Rogers.

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4
Q

What is the role of a counselor

A

To have a focus around client in terms of

Affective (emotions and feelings)
Cognitive (understanding and thinking)
Behaviour ( actions
Combination of the 3

Counselors role is to help improve the life of the client by managing their problems make life changing choices and to cope with problems that will come in the future.

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5
Q

Mention some values ethics and attitudes of a counselor

A

Respect for client

Open and sincere attitude towards client

Belief in clients pursuit for growth

Respect for observing confidentiality

Sensitivity for client diversity

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6
Q

How does a counselor show clients respect

A

Accept client by showing unconditional positive regard which which means that irrespective of the clients values or behaviour the client is put ahead of the counselor.

Respect the clients rights

Do not judge.

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7
Q

How does a counselor show genuineness and congruence

A

Be themselves, sincere

Be honest

Be realistic

Treat clients equally

Know your own strengths and weaknesses

Develop self awareness

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8
Q

Explore concept of empowerment and self responsibility

A

Counselling is the desire to empower clients to take responsibility for themselves which can be done by:

Believe in your clients pursuit of growth self actualisation and self determination

Believe in clients ability to change

Share helping process with clients

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9
Q

Comment on confidentiality

A

Without permission of client a counselor may not under any circumstances disclosure HIV status or any info to anyone which is an expression of counselor respect for client.

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10
Q

What is diversity sensitivity

A

Refers to the counsellors ability to be aware of unsaid nuances of different cultures that have shaped the clients sexual behaviour and outlook on matters of sexuality.

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11
Q

What does ADDRESSING mean

A
A= age 
D= disabilities acquired 
D= disabilities development
R= religion 
E= ethnicity
S= social status 
S= sexual orientation
I= indigenous heritage
N= nationality
G= gender
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12
Q

What are the four fundamental questions

A

Question 1: what is going on in my life
Counselors help clients identify and overcome blindspots that prevent them from seeing reality

Question 2: what do I need or want
Counselors help clients discover and commit themselves to what they need and want for a better future.

Question 3: how do I get what I want
Counselors help clients to realise that there are numerous ways to achieve goals and help them choose one that best fits their resource. They should help clients organise actions into simple achievable plans

Question 4: how do I make this happen?
Counselors encourage client to act in small ways from start to work on transition from current to preferred results.

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13
Q

What are the 4 phases of counselling

A

Establishing a working relationship between client

Helping clients to tell their story

Developing an increased understanding of the problem

Intervention

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14
Q

Explore phase 1 relationship building

A

To establish an open and trusting relationship where client feels safe enough to address personal issues and disclose information. The first step in relationship building is defining the relationship objectives process and parameters.

Establishing a therapeutic context

Provide physical settings for therapeutic relationship

Introduce yourself process and context

Important skills include.
Listening skills
Observation skills 
Attending skills 
Tracking skills 
Being responsive to the emotional tone of clients
Trust building
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15
Q

Explore phase 2 helping clients tell their story

A

This phase determines the counselor understanding of the clients world and also called the info gathering phase because counselor may spend time finding out about the client present and desired scenario so that both understand the problems and can think about plans for intervention

Supportive client centred helping means that the needs of the clients are central and that ultimately purpose of the process is to identify and implement actions that will improve client situations

Active benevolent curiosity depends on counselor observations questioning and probing.

Counselors can
Refrain from suggesting solutions or providing answers

Deal with multiple levels of understanding

Involve context in enquiry

Focus on processes over time.

Counselling skills include:
Accurate empathy 
Genuineness
Respect
Concreteness
Minimal verbal response
Question and probes
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16
Q

Explore phase 3 developing an increased understanding of problem

A

Is to gain a deeper understanding of the problem and to form the basis for specific action. Counselors need to look beyond info gained in phase 2 by intensive listening and reflection of feeling

Counselors can do so by
Help clients overcome blindspots
Help clients identify issues
Help clients make sense of their own world

Skills include
Advanced accurate empathy
Summarizing
Partialising 
Clarifying
Questioning 
Feedback or challenging
Immediacy
17
Q

Explore phase 4 intervention or action

A

Explore intervention options to help take action to manage problem.

Role of counselor is to give supportive client centred counseling where counselor functions as a change agent by facilitating process where client sees a better future sets realistic goals and decides on methods of achieving them

Skills include
Non directive counseling skills
More directive stance
Problem solving skills

18
Q

What is the problem solving model

A

Defining the problem

Brainstorming

Weighing up solutions

Selection of solutions

Making an action plan

Taking action

Review

19
Q

What are the communication skills needed by counselors

A

Attending: refers to way in which counselor is with clients physically and psychological.

Listening refers to ability of counselor to capture and understand the messages client communicate which can be verbal non verbal clear or vague.

Listen to verbal message
Listening to non verbal messages eg body language.
Listening in context
Listening with empathy

Problems to effective listening
Inadequate or on off listening
Evaluative listening
Filtered listening
Labels as filters 
Fact rather than person centred listening
Rehearsing 

Empathising: involves listening to clients understanding them their concerns and communicate this understanding to them.

Formula for basic empathy
You feel
Experience behaviour and feeling as elements of empathy
Principles of basic empathy

Ineffective empathy is when 
No response
Distracting questions
Clichés
Interpretation
Advice
Parroting sympathy and agreement
Confrontation and argument

How to show empathy
Give time to think
Use short response.
Gear your response to clients

Probing: when counselor uses questions or statement that helps clients to explore more fully and relevant issues.
This helps clients: remain focused on relevancy.
Help identify experience
-use mix of statement, questions and interjections

Clarifying: used to ensure that counselor understand client correctly.

Reflective commenting and summarizing : used to mirror or reflect back to client exactly what they have said

20
Q

List some advanced communication skills

A

Advanced empathy: encourage client to explore new themes issues emotions that involves message behind message or story behind the scenes.
It helps clients make the implied explicit
Helps clients identify themes in story.
Avoid negativity and blaming.
Help clients make connections
Share hunches with clients

Immediacy: the skill of communicating what is happening in the counselling relationship while it's happening.useful when 
\+ Session is directionless
\+ Tension 
\+ Trust issues
\+ Diversity
\+ Dependency 
\+Counter dependency 
\+ Attractions

Helper self disclosure: skill where counselor share info about own feelings experience or behaviour with clients that’s appropriate constructive and helpful

Info sharing suggestions and recommendations: include giving info and correcting misinformation

21
Q

What are referral skills

A

Manner in referring a client to another professional to meet their needs better

22
Q

How do counselors keep records

A

Records includes

Client details
Description of clients emotional state
Summary of main points of session
Any info that will help in sessions to come.

23
Q

What are the similarities between traditional healing and western psychotherapy

A
  • emphasize building a relationship based on trust
  • Aim at personality integration
  • Highlight importance of expressing feeling
  • Rely on communication skills
24
Q

What are the differences between traditional healing and western psychotherapy

A

Traditional healing is symbolic and integrally part of African cosmology. Western approach based on scientific and logical principles

The healer’s approach is directive giving advice by functioning as mouthpiece of ancestors. Western counselling based on principles that client must take responsibility for own actions

Traditional healing emphasize unity of body and mind. Western counselling gives psychological domain preference