Chapter 4: HIV Associated Symptoms And Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of HIV infection

A

Stage 1 asymptomatic
Infected person shows no symptoms but virus remains active in body which continues to weaken the immune by replication.

Stage 2 mild symptoms
Minor and early symptoms of HIV begin to appear. Symptoms include:
Moderate unexplained weight loss
Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
Herpes zoster
Fungal infections
Oral ulcers 
Skin infections
Stage 3 advanced symptoms
Signs of severe HIV related diseases and opportunistic infections start to show with a continuous deteriorating immune system.
CD4 T cells are low while viral load is much higher. Symptoms include
Unexplained severe weight loss.
Unexplained chronic diarrhoea
Unexplained persistent fever
Persistent oral candidiasis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Severe bacterial infections
Stage 4 severe symptoms
Symptoms of HIV become more acute where person is infected by rare and unusual organisms that don't respond to antibiotics and more persistent untreatable opportunistic infections develop. Symptoms include
Hiv wasting syndrome
Pneumonia
Chronic herpes simplex
Oesophageal candidiasis
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2
Q

What is a CD4+T cell count test

A

The lab test most used to estimate the level of immune deficiency in HIV infected individuals by counting CD4+T cells.

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3
Q

What is the relationship between Viral load and CD4+T cell

A

High viral load results in low CD4+T cells count since the virus kills these cells. A low viral load will mean a high CD4+T cell count because of a small amount of virus present in body fluids.

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4
Q

What is disease progression

A

The extent to which an HIV positive person gets sick with opportunistic infections.

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5
Q

What is primary HIV infection

A

Is the early stages of infection or period between infection and time antibodies to HIV are detectable which occurs after seroconversion has taken place.

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6
Q

Explain what acute retroviral syndrome is and the symptoms associated.

A

Occurs 2-6 weeks after exposure to HIV. This has flu like symptoms such as headache, sore throat,muscle and joint pain, fever,fatigue

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7
Q

What is meant by undetectable viral load

A

When viral level in blood is too low for HIV viral load test to pick it up where person is still infected but number of virus in blood is very low.

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8
Q

How can you prevent opportunistic infections

A

Prevent exposure:

Safe water supply
Proper food hygiene
Prevent exposure to TB
Controlling maleria outbreak
Encourage safe sex practice

Chemoprophylaxis: is the use of antimicrobial agents to prevent opportunistic infections.

Includes:
Co-trimoxazole preventative therapy
Cryptococcus screening treatment
Isoniazid preventative therapy.

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9
Q

What is the difference between primary prophylaxis and secondary prophylaxis

A

Purpose of primary prophylaxis is to prevent an opportunistic infection that has never occurred in person

Purpose of secondary prophylaxis is to prevent the reoccurance of infection meaning person had infection before.

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10
Q

Discuss TB and it’s link with HIV

A

TB is a microorganism the bacillus myobacterium tuberculosis which is the most serious and common opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients.

Pulmonary tuberculosis occuring in the lungs is the most common since it is airborne and easily transmissible.

Extra-pulmonary TB is the spread to other areas like lymph nodes meninges spine joints and other parts of the body.

Transmission depends on :
How many organisms are expelled into the air.

What the concentration is of the organism

How long an exposed person breathes contaminated air.

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11
Q

Discuss the stages of TB development

A

The primary stage involves when a person first comes into contact with TB bacilli which is usually asymptomatic and immune system can bring infection under control. The bacterium then lies dormant for a number of years.

Secondary stage involves endogenous reactivation of the latent infection or exogenous reinfection. Endogenous infection usually occurs when immunity of host is compromised due to malnutrition,stress cancer etc.

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12
Q

What are the 4 main symptoms of pulmonary TB

A

Persistent cough
Fever for more than 2 weeks
Unexplained weight loss
Drenching night sweats.

Other symptoms include

Sputum production that’s blood stained
Loss of appetite
Shortness of breath
Palpable lymphadenopathy

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13
Q

What are the tests used for TB

A

Smear microscopy
Culture methods
Molecular testing

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14
Q

What treatment is available for TB

A

Isoniazid

Rifampicin

Pyrazinamide

Ethambutol

Streptomycin

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15
Q

Which 4 drugs compose of the intensive phase

A

Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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16
Q

Name two management strategies for STIs

A

Establish a definite diagnosis of STI by identifying the causing organisms and treat infection with precision.

The syndromic management involves recognising patient symptoms and clinical signs and prescribing treatment for major causes of syndrome which is a combination of symptoms or complaints.

17
Q

What are some important STI syndromes

A
Vaginal discharge syndrome
Lower abdominal pain 
Male urethriritis syndrome
Scrotal swelling
Genital ulcers syndrome
Bubo and balanitis.
18
Q

What are the advantages of syndromic management of STI

A

Easy to use
Inexpensive
Unskilled person can use
Doesn’t require lab support

19
Q

Discuss HPV

A

Are DNA based viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes

Vaccine for HPV are gardasil and cervarix

20
Q

What is secoconversion

A

Point at which a person HIV status changes from HIV negative to HIV positive.

21
Q

Explain CD4 cell count

A

The lab test commonly used to estimate level of immune deficiency in HIV infected individuals

22
Q

Define viral load

A

The amount of viral RNA detectable in the blood of an infected person.

23
Q

What is pneumocystis pneumonia PCP

A

It is an infection of the lungs caused by a fungus. PCP is seen in patients with severe immune deficiency and is characterized by a continual dry non productive cough, painful breathing and shortness of breath

24
Q

Define TB

A

Is an infectious disease that’s caused by bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis which enters body by inhalation through the lungs. It is characterized by productive cough, coughing blood, shortness of breath, weight loss, fever, night sweats, fatigue.

25
Q

What are STIs

A

Sexually transmitted infections transferred through sexual intercourse. These include syphilis gonorrhoea candidiasis genital herpes and HIV infection

26
Q

What is shingles or herpes zoster

A

It is a condition characterized by extremely painful skin rash or tiny blisters on face limbs which is caused by a virus which effect nerve cells