Chapter 7: Carbohydrates Flashcards
Monosaccharides
They define the single sugar units of glucose, fructose, and galactose and represent the absorbable forms of carbohydrates for the body.
Disaccharides
They define pairs of sugar units. The three nutritionally important ones to humans are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
Polysaccharides
They define glucose chains longer than 10 units in length, but they can be as large as several thousand glucose units in length.
Oligosaccharides
They define sugar units ranging from 3 to 10 units in length and are largely indigestible to humans.
Amylose
A straight-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.
Amylopectin
A branched-chain and digestible form of starch containing glucose molecules.
Soluble Fiber
A type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel, associated with heart health benefits and glucose control.
Insoluble Fiber
A type of dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water, associated with promoting bowel regularity.
Diverticulosis
A condition that occurs when pockets of collected stool called diverticula form in the walls of the digestive tract, forcing the inner layer of the intestinal wall to push through its outer lining.
Functional Fiber
A compound derived from isolated indigestible fiber to potentially provide some of the health-promoting benefits of natural fiber.
Glycogen
The storage molecule of carbohydrate found in animals and located in muscle and liver cells.
Glycogenolysis
The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.
Glycogenesis
The process of forming glycogen from glucose.
Triglycerides
The primary storage and transportable form of fats in the body, composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone.
Ketones
A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates.
Gluconeogenesis
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.
Bolus
A mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process.
Duodenum
It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. It is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.
Chyme
The partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach to the duodenum.
Jejunum
It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.
Ileum
It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.
Brush Border
The wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli, that enhance the region’s surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption.
Villi
These are small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients.
Hepatic Portal Vein
The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver.
Cirrhosis
A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
The development of a fatty liver resulting from excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol.
Hyperglycemia
A condition of an abnormally high blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood.
Hypoglycemia
A condition of an abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood.
Glycogenolysis
The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.
Type 1 Diabetes
A condition in which the pancreas produces little to no insulin.
Catabolic
The breakdown of nutrients to release energy.
Glycemic Load
A method for determining how the quantity of carbohydrates consumed impact blood sugar levels.
What is the RDA for carbohydrates for adults aged 19 years and older?
130 grams
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?
45-65% of total calories
What does the United States Department of Agriculture and the World Health Organization recommend for added sugar intake?
Limit added sugar to less than 10% of total calories
True or False? Simple carbohydrates provide a more direct source of energy when compared to complex carbohydrates.
True
True or False? The sugar in a piece of fruit is more nutritious than the sugar in a cookie.
False
True or False? Sugar cane is a healthier alternative to high fructose corn syrup.
False
In which part of the body does carbohydrate digestion begin?
It begins in the mouth with salivary amylase.
What disease associated with large intakes of fructose in inactive people has recently gained more attention as a health concern?
Non-alcoholic liver disease
Which polysaccharide is digested fastest?
Amylopectin
What factor can raise a food’s GI score?
Ingesting food in a liquid state
What glycemic score ranks a carbohydrate food as a low GI food?
GI score under 55
What glycemic score ranks a carbohydrate food as a medium GI food?
GI score between 56 and 69
What is the second priority for ingested carbohydrates in the human body once immediate fuel needs have been met?
Replenish depleted glycogen stores in the liver and muscles.
Which two monosaccharides combine to make sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
Which two monosaccharides combine to make lactose?
Glucose and galactose
Which health benefit is attributed to soluble fiber?
Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease by binding to cholesterol particles
The United States consumes more sugar than any other country in the world. From the options provided, what food category represents the largest source of sugar intake in the U.S. diet?
Beverages
When would the body undergo the process of gluconeogenesis?
During periods of inadequate carbohydrate intake, the body can produce glucose from certain non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids.
According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), how many calories from added sugar are recommended for men on a daily basis?
A limit of 150 calories
What term is defined as the combined effect of both a carbohydrate’s glycemic index (GI) score and the amount of that carbohydrate consumed?
Glycemic load
Which sugar units are combined to form a glycogen molecule?
Glucose
