Chapter 18: Dietary Assessment And Body Composition Testing

Question 1

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Answer 1

A resource produced by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) that provides guidelines and key recommendations for healthy diets that may help prevent diet-related chronic conditions.

Question 2

The Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine

Answer 2

An entity within the National Academies of Sciences that establishes principles and guidelines of adequate dietary intake among other tasks.

Question 3

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Answer 3

The recommended intake of various nutrients as determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine – the DRIs include recommendations like the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

Question 4

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Answer 4

Amount of nutrient needed to meet the needs of almost all individuals in an age–sex group.

Question 5

Adequate Intake (AI)

Answer 5

The recommended average daily intake level based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intake by groups of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate – the AI is used when an RDA cannot be determined.

Question 6

Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)

Answer 6

The highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population – as intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases.

Question 7

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Answer 7

A nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a group.

Question 8

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Answer 8

A range of intakes for carbohydrates, protein, and fats set by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Medicine recommended to meet the nutritional needs of most individuals and reduce risk of chronic disease.

Question 9

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Answer 9

The amount of energy (i.e., number of calories) an individual uses at rest in order to sustain basic processes in the body – this value is often considered for a 24-hour period.

Question 10

Adiposity

Answer 10

A condition of being severely overweight or obese.

Question 11

Dietary Assessment

Answer 11

Analyzing a client’s food and beverage intake in order to determine their intake of calories and specific nutrients – specific forms of dietary assessment include 24-hour recalls, usual intake, diet records, and food frequency questionnaires.

Question 12

Usual Intake

Answer 12

The average daily intake of food or nutrients clients consumer over a long period of time.

Question 13

Body Composition

Answer 13

The makeup of an individual’s body – major components of interest include fat mass and fat-free mass (i.e., water, bone, protein, etc.).

Question 14

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 14

An individual’s weight divided by their height squared, typically shown in units of kilograms/meters².

Question 15

2-Compartment Model

Answer 15

Any method of body-composition assessment that divides the body into two major parts – typically, these parts are fat mass and fat-free mass. Most common methods of body-composition assessment use a 2-compartment model.

Question 16

3-Compartment Model

Answer 16

A method of body composition assessment that divides the body into three major parts – typically, these parts are fat mass, water, and everything else (i.e., the residual).

Question 17

4-Compartment Model

Answer 17

A method of body composition assessment that divides the body into four major parts – typically, these parts are fat mass, water, bone, and everything else (i.e., the residual). These models are viewed as a gold-standard method of body-composition assessment.

Question 18

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

Answer 18

A technology that estimates body composition based on the fluid content – by determining how easily small electrical currents travel through the body, BIA can predict the amount of lean tissue (higher water content and easier flow of electricity) and fat tissue (lower water content and more resistance to electrical currents).

Question 19

Skinfold Method

Answer 19

A body composition estimation method that is based on measuring the thickness of the fat layer under the skin – using calipers, the skin and fat are pinched at certain locations on the body to determine their thickness. These measurements are placed into a series of equations, which provide an estimate of body-fat percentage.

Question 20

Body Density

Answer 20

The estimated thickness of fat under the skin at specific locations when entered into an equation.

Question 21

Ultrasound Technology

Answer 21

Uses high-frequency sound waves emitted by a probe to visualize different parts of the body.

Question 22

Circumference Measurements

Answer 22

Measurements of the circumferences of different body parts – these measurements provide some basic indication about the distribution of fat in the body, although they cannot actually distinguish between muscle and fat.

Question 23

Underwater Weighing (Hydrodensitometry)

Answer 23

A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body through measurement of an individual’s body weight while they are completely submerged under water.

Question 24

Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP)

Answer 24

A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body through measurement of an individual’s displacement of air while they sit in a sealed chamber.

Question 25

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)

Answer 25

A body composition assessment method that measures whole-body and regional (arms, legs, and trunk) body composition using low-energy X-rays.

Question 26

Infrared 3-Dimensional Scanning

Answer 26

A body composition assessment method that involves the estimation of the 3-dimensional volume of the body using infrared sensors.

Question 27

Computed Tomography (CT)

Answer 27

Imaging procedure to create scans and pictures of inside the body.

Question 28

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 28

A medical imaging process that measures the reaction of tissue nuclei to magnetic fields to produce images of inside the body.

Question 29

Hydrometry

Answer 29

The process of monitoring water within the body to determine body composition.

Question 30

Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR)

Answer 30

A technique using a specialized probe against the body, emitting infrared light to estimate body composition of an individual.

Question 31

It is important to realize and convey to clients that recommendations may change over time based on emerging research and findings. However, it is important not to do what when educating your clients on recommendations set by these nutrition guideline governing bodies?

Answer 31

Do not discount established nutrition recommendations and have been based on substantial research.

Question 32

When having a client fill out a usual intake worksheet to determine regular eating patterns, what it one strategy that Nutrition Coaches can use to minimize the occurrence of recording a client’s unpredictable eating habits?

Answer 32

Have a client complete the usual intake worksheet on normal weekdays as well as weekends.

Question 33

There are many food frequency questionnaires that have surfaced. However, the purpose and use of these questionnaires have not. When having a client complete a food frequency questionnaire, it is important to understand results will not yield which of the following?

Answer 33

Precise information on intake of specific nutrients

Question 34

When comparing different body composition assessment methods, it is important to weigh the cost and practicality of each methods, in addition to accuracy. However, if cost and practicality was not a factor, which method would provide the client the most accurate body composition results?

Answer 34

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Question 35

Some clients may not want to have their fat pinched when assessing their body fat percentages using the skinfold method. What would be the best alternative method used while keeping practicality and cost in mind?

Answer 35

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

Question 36

Which body composition assessment method measures whole-body and regional (arms, legs, and trunk) body composition using low-energy x-rays?

Answer 36

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Question 37

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) describes the average daily nutrient intake level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group?

Answer 37

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

Question 38

Which of the following is defined as the regular food and beverage intake of an individual over time?

Answer 38

Eating pattern

Question 39

The highest average daily nutrient intake level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population is known as which of the following?

Answer 39

Tolerable Upper Limit (UL)

Question 40

Of the following methods, which estimate body-composition based on the 3-dimensional volume of the body?

Answer 40

Air displacement plethysmography and underwater weighing

Question 41

Which body-composition assessment method relies on the thickness of the fat layer under the skin to estimate body composition?

Answer 41

Skinfolds

Question 42

The average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group is known as which of the following?

Answer 42

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Question 43

Body Mass Index (BMI) does which of the following in order to provide information about the body?

Answer 43

Report body mass while also taking height into account.

Question 44

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that adults do not consume more than how much sodium per day?

Answer 44

2,300 mg

Question 45

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for fats?

Answer 45

20 to 35%

Question 46

When assessing body composition, a 2-compartment model divides the body into which two categories?

Answer 46

Fat mass and fat-free mass

Question 47

Of the following methods, which estimate body-composition based on how easily small electrical currents travel through the body?

Answer 47

Bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioimpedance spectroscopy

Question 48

The amount of energy (i.e., number of calories) an individual uses at rest in order to sustain basic processes in the body is known as the which of the following?

Answer 48

Resting metabolic rate

Question 49

Based on the national food survey called What We Eat in America, about 75% of the United States population has an eating pattern that is low in which of the following?

Answer 49

Fruits

Question 50

Of the options provided, which body composition assessment method has the highest accuracy?

Answer 50

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry