Chapter 5: Energy Balance And Metabolism Flashcards
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The energy currency of life.
Energy
The ability to do work.
Metabolism
Chemical process occurring within the body to convert food to energy.
What molecules’ bond is broken during the usage of ATP that results in an ADP molecule and the release of free energy to drive muscle contractions?
Phosphate
Lipolysis
The biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.
Glycogenolysis
The process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways.
Gluconeogenesis
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids.
Lipogenesis
The biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides.
Roughly what percentage of daily energy expenditure comes from the thermic effect of activity (TEA)?
15-30%
Which component of energy expenditure represents the easiest way to increase total daily caloric expenditure for individuals focused on reducing body fat?
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
Which hormone is released by the pancreas and helps to either usher glucose into cells or store it as glycogen when blood sugar levels are high?
Insulin
Which hormone is produced by adipose cells and helps stimulate satiety?
Leptin
Glycolysis
The first step of carbohydrate metabolism, an anaerobic pathway, that breaks glucose or glycogen down to pyruvate.
What is the time frame for the energy system ATP-PC?
Up to 10-15 seconds
What is the time frame for the energy system Glycolysis?
10 seconds to 2 minutes
What is the time frame for the energy system Aerobic?
2 minutes and up
When there is not enough oxygen available, what is pyruvate converted to instead of being used aerobically within the mitochondria?
Lactic Acid
How much total ATP can be created by the complete anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose?
36 molecules
Energy expended during walking at work, typing, walking to and from meetings, and fidgeting is referred to as which of the following?
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Which category includes glucose (sugar), starches, and non-digestible cellulose?
Carbohydrates
What is the process of generating energy from the food we eat?
Metabolism
What are shorter sleep cycles associated with?
Weight gain
Calories (energy) in versus calories (energy) out is an example of what principle?
The first law of thermodynamics
The basic energy need of an average human being is approximately how many Calories?
2000
What foods tend to have a higher thermic response than others?
High-protein foods
What is the autoimmune disorder that leads to damage in the small intestine when gluten products are consumed?
Celiac disease
Energy utilized for immediate work is known as which of the following?
Kinetic
Which of the following is best described as the energy consumed for fuel to support and maintain normal body functions like temperature regulation?
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
ATP consists of an adenosine molecule bonded to how many phosphate groups?
Three
Which hormone is referred to as the hunger hormone because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage?
Ghrelin
What is the end-result of inadequate rest?
Reduced RMR
What percent of daily energy expenditure is accounted for by the process of consuming food?
10%
The increase in energy expenditure after consuming a meal is referred to as which of the following?
Thermic effect of feeding (TEF)
