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Forensics > Chapter 7 - Anatomical Evidence > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Anatomical Evidence Flashcards

1
Q

Trace evidence

A
  • Deals with the minute transfers of materials that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
  • Include fingerprints, hair, fiber, glass, soil,
    explosives.
  • Trying to see if the evidence’s origin/method of use can be identified.
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2
Q

Latent prints

A

Prints not visible to the naked eye.

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3
Q

Addition Reaction (polymers)

A
  • Chemical reaction where the net result is to add monomers together without the loss of any part of the monomer.
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4
Q

AFIS

A
  • Automated Fingerprint Identification System
  • Large database of fingerprints
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5
Q

Anagen Phase

A

Phase of active growth for hair formation

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6
Q

Apocrine Gland

A

The scent glands

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7
Q

3 patterns of the fingerprint ID system

A
  • Loop
  • Arch
  • Whorl
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8
Q

Arch pattern

A
  • Found in 5% of all fingerprints
  • Ridges beginning at one side of the fingerprint and running completely to the other side of the
    fingerprint without a backwards turn.
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9
Q

Authentication/Verification

A

Compares biometric info from one person with either just one reference or from a very small number of possibilities.

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10
Q

IDENT

A
  • Automated Biometric Identification System
  • Used to link a person with their biographic info
  • Criminal record, personal ID, and travel restrictions, for security and law enforcement work
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11
Q

Bifurcation

A
  • Minutial feature
  • Point where a single ridge splits into 2 ridges
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12
Q

Biometrics

A
  • Automated recognition of individuals by means of unique physical characteristics.
  • Used for security.
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13
Q

Catagen Phase

A
  • Transitional phase
  • Hair follicle detaches from blood supply which stops supply of nutrients required for growth.
  • Lasts several weeks
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14
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A
  1. Anagen phase
  2. Catagen phase
  3. Telogen phase
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15
Q

Catalysts

A

A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed

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16
Q

Cheiloscopy

A

The study of lip groove patterns

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17
Q

Cellulose

A
  • A complex sugar or polysaccharide molecule
  • Found in many plant-based fibers.
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18
Q

Condensation reactions

A
  • Common way to form a polymer from monomers.
  • 2+ molecules combine to form a larger molecule while losing a small molecule (H2O).
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19
Q

Core

A
  • Important print feature
  • Where a loop pattern reaches its farthest point (near edge of print) towards the middle of the print and begins to turn backwards.
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20
Q

Hair fibers are made-up of 3 components

A
  • The cuticle
  • The cortex
  • The medulla
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21
Q

Cuticle

A
  • Outermost layer of a hair shaft.
  • Looks like shingles on a roof or scales on a snake’s skin.
  • Protects the hair by forming a waterproof
    layer that coats the entire shaft.
  • 3 types of patterns: coronal, spinous,
    imbricate
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22
Q

Cortex

A
  • Underneath the cuticle layer
  • Takes-up most of the inside of the hair follicle.
  • Provides strength, elasticity, moisture, color, texture
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23
Q

Delta

A
  • Important print feature
  • The point of ridge divergence where the upward and downward ridges meet the looping ridges
  • Looks like a small triangle
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24
Q

3 layers of the skin

A
  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
  • Hypodermis
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25
Q

Dermis

A
  • Middle layer of the skin
  • Contains nerve endings, oil glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
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26
Q

Eccrine glands

A

The sweat glands

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27
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Outermost germ layer developed during embryonic growth.
  • Gives rise to our epidermis, hair, eyes, nervous system.
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28
Q

Elastomers

A
  • Synthetic polymers with special elastic properties
  • Ex: spandex
29
Q

Ending ridge point

A
  • Point where a ridge ends abruptly
30
Q

Epidermis

A
  • The outermost layer of our skin
  • Contains cells that produce pigment and protect the immune system.
  • Ranges in thickness (very thin on our eyelids and thick on the palms of our hands/soles of our feet).
31
Q

Eumelanin

A

The dark pigment that colors black and brown hair

32
Q

Fibers

A

Small filaments that are long and thin with lengths greater than widths

33
Q

Fingernails

A
  • Hard protective structures at the ends of fingers
  • Composed of keratin
  • Considered to be an appendage (addition) of the skin
34
Q

Fingerprint

A
  • The impression made on a surface by the unique set of ridges found on a person’s fingers
  • Used for the individual ID of an individual
35
Q

Fingerprint lifting

A
  • Method of preserving fingerprints
  • Cellophane tape is placed over the print and then rubbed
  • The tape holds the pattern of the fingerprint when lifted
36
Q

Friction ridges

A
  • Skin present on fingers, palms, and soles of feet.
  • Ridges and furrows are unique and aid in gripping (increased surface area)
37
Q

Fuming Fingerprint Visualization

A
  • Chemical method for the detection of latent fingermarks on non-porous surfaces.
  • Using cyanoacrylate
38
Q

Furrows

A

Lower valleys next to/between the ridges of fingerprints

39
Q

Hair

A
  • Composed mostly of keratin
  • Grows from a follicle in the skin
  • Derivative of the skin’s epidermis
  • Functions mainly to regulate body temp of an organism by trapping/releasing warm air near the skin’s surface
40
Q

IAFIS

A
  • Integrated Automated Fingerprint
    Identification System
  • Revised automated fingerprint database
41
Q

Identification

A

Using biometric info to ID an unknown person from a large pool of possibilities.

42
Q

Impression prints

A

Fingerprints left in a soft, pliable surface, such as clay, putty, or soil

43
Q

Integumentary System

A
  • Forms the outer boundary of our bodies
  • Includes our hair and nails
44
Q

Iodine

A
  • Element that reacts with the oils left behind by fingers
  • Forms a transient, observable, brown color where the finger oils were deposited
45
Q

Keratin

A
  • Tough, durable protein composed of long chains of amino acids and found as a structural component of hair, nails, horns, claws
46
Q

Loop pattern

A

Fingerprint pattern that has ridge lines that enter on one side of the fingerprint, run towards the middle of the print, then curve backwards to exit on the same side

47
Q

Medulla

A
  • Innermost component of hair
  • Has spongy cells and form a canal-like structure in the center of the shaft
  • Contains melanin and other proteins
  • Some finer hair follicles don’t have a medulla
48
Q

Medullary Index (MI)

A
  • Ratio of the medulla’s width to the diameter of the hair
49
Q

Melanin

A
  • Pigment that gives color to skin and eyes
  • Protects it from damage by UV light.
50
Q

Minutiae

A

The fine details of fingerprint patterns

51
Q

Monomers

A

The building blocks that make up polymers

52
Q

Natural fibers

A
  • Fibers that come from naturally occurring sources
  • Plants, animals, wood, spider’s silk, etc
53
Q

Ninhydrin

A
  • Reacts with the amino acids found in a fingerprint
  • Forms a purple/blue-colored pattern of the fingerprint when heated
54
Q

Palmprint

A

Pattern left by the flexion creases and ridges found in the palm of the hand/sole of the foot

55
Q

Flexion creases

A

Places where the skin flexes or folds to cause breaks in the observed ridge patterns

56
Q

Pheomelanin

A

Pigment coloration chemical found in red hair

57
Q

Pinnascopy

A

Patterns of the ears used for individual identification

58
Q

Polymers

A

Chains of monomers strung together

59
Q

Principle of Persistency

A
  • A biological feature (once formed) remains unchanged throughout our lives
  • May last beyond death into the stages of decay
60
Q

Regenerated Fibers

A

Fibers made by processing naturally occurring materials into fibers

61
Q

Ridge count

A

The number of ridges between two features in a fingerprint pattern

62
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • Glands in the skin that produce sebum
  • Sebum: sticky, oily substance the body produces to keep the skin moisturized
63
Q

Synthetic Fibers

A

Fibers prepared from chemical feedstocks and formed through reactions that create long chain molecules

64
Q

Telogen Phase

A
  • The resting period
  • The detached club root has completely formed
65
Q

Thermoplastic

A

Synthetic fibers that melt or soften easily at low temps

66
Q

Vellus Hair

A

The fine short hairs that covers the majority of the human body

67
Q

Visible Fingerprints

A

Fingerprints able to be observed by the naked eye

68
Q

Whorl Pattern

A
  • Fingerprint pattern where the ridges complete at least one 360° circuit
  • Does not always form a circle pattern

Forensics (19 decks)

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