Chapter 5 - DNA <3

Question 1

Allele

Answer 1

One of several possible variations of a gene.

Question 2

Annealing

Answer 2

• The pairing of nucleotides in complementary DNA strands together by forming hydrogen bonds
• “Primer addition”

Question 3

Base Pairing

Answer 3

• When 2 nitrogen bases in complementary strands connect to form a hydrogen bond, holding the two DNA strands together.
• Adenine (A) pairs only with Thymine (T) and Guanine (G) pairs only with Cytosine (C) in DNA.

Question 4

Chromosome

Answer 4

• A long chain of DNA found in the nucleus of a cell
• Carries its genetic information
• Contain genes

Question 5

CODIS

Answer 5

• Combined DNA Identification System
• Developed by the FBI to store DNA information in a searchable computer database

Question 6

Complimentary DNA

Answer 6

a strand of DNA in which the sequence of bases matches those of another strand of DNA according to pairing rules.

Question 7

Denaturation

Answer 7

The process of separation the two strands of DNA into individual strands

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• The basic genetic molecule of living organisms
• Composed of repeating 3 groups: a phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base

Question 9

Enzyme

Answer 9

a protein that catalyzes a chemical reaction; affects the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Question 10

Extension

Answer 10

Completing a complimentary DNA stand to form a template strand

Question 11

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 11

• Process of separating DNA fragments based upon charge and size.
• Charged DNA fragments are placed in a gel bed and moved through the medium by applying an electric current.
• Shorter fragments move fastest through the gel and larger fragments move the slowest.

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

• Chunks of DNA that contribute to particular traits/functions by coding for these proteins.
• Region along the DNA strand that provides coding information for the synthesis of proteins.

Question 13

Hybridization

Answer 13

The process of joining together complimentary stands of DNA through base-pairing

Question 14

Hypervariable DNA/non-coding DNA

Answer 14

A region of DNA that shows a great degree of variability in a population and do not code for any known protein but may have a role in as molecular switches and play crucial roles in regulating genes.

Question 15

Locus

Answer 15

The location of a gene on a DNA strand

Question 16

Mitochondrial DNA

Answer 16

mtDNA; a small circle of DNA that resides outside the nucleus in the cellular mitochondria. mtDNA is only inherited from mothers and passed to all offspring.

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

An inheritable change in the base sequence of DNA

Question 18

Nucleotide

Answer 18

• The basic building block of DNA
• Consist of a phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base.

Question 19

PCR

Answer 19

• Polymerase chain reaction
• Laboratory method for the rapid replication of specific regions of DNA.
• Most commonly used technique of DNA testing.

Question 20

Population

Answer 20

A specific group of people defined by geography , race, of other defining features

Question 21

Restriction Enzyme

Answer 21

A protein that locates a specific DNA sequence and cuts the DNA stand at that location

Question 22

RFLP

Answer 22

• restriction fragment length polymorphism
• all about exploiting DNA variations in sequences
• individuals vary in the non-coding regions!

Question 23

STR

Answer 23

• Short tandem repeat
• Small, repeated sections of DNA that are connected to one another.

Question 24

VNTR

Answer 24

• Variable number tandem repeat
• A region of DNA in which a larger sequence of nucleotides is repeated multiple times (up to 50 nucleotides)

Question 25

Y Chromosome

Answer 25

The chromosome inherited only through the father and passed along only to male offspring