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Forensics > Chapter 6 - Serology > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Serology Flashcards

1
Q

Active bloodstains

A

The bloodstains acted upon by a force in addition to gravity

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2
Q

Albumin

A
  • Most common protein in our plasma.
  • Responsible for maintaining a proper fluid balance between our tissues and the rest of our bodies.
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3
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down starch and glycogen into its component simple sugars(mainly glucose)

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4
Q

Angle of Impact

A

The angle formed between the pathway of a blood drop and the plane of the surface that it strikes

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5
Q

Antibody

A

A “Y-shaped” protein molecule that can combine with a foreign antigen to disable or destroy the antigen

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6
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

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7
Q

Bile

A
  • Fluid secreted by the liver and stored in the gall bladder
  • Used to aid in the digestion of lipids
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8
Q

Blood pattern analysis(BPA)

A

Analysis of bloodstains found at a crime scene that attempts to provide an understanding of how the blood patterns found were physically formed.

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9
Q

Bone Marrow

A
  • The soft, spongy tissue found in the center of bones.
  • Where stem cells are taken from.
  • It produces most of the cellular components of blood from stem cells.
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10
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction with being consumed in the reaction

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11
Q

Chemiluminescence

A

The emission of light from chemical reaction without the emission of heat

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12
Q

Confirmatory test

A
  • Usually done after a positive presumptive test.
  • Experiment that verifies the presence of a compound in the sample with a very high degree of certainty.
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13
Q

ELSIA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)

A

:(

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14
Q

EMIT (enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique)

A

As if

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15
Q

Enzyme

A

a protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction

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16
Q

Fluid dynamics

A
  • Deals primarily with the behavior of liquids and gasses in motion.
  • In blood analysis, it focuses on how blood flows and may involve calculations of density, velocity, and viscosity.
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17
Q

Fluorescein

A
  • At a crime scene it is applied to the area where blood is suspected.
  • Oxidized molecules absorb light in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum and emits light in the visible region, producing a blue glow.
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18
Q

Fluorescence

A

Phenomenon occurs when a molecule absorbs light at one wavelength and then emits light at another wavelength

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19
Q

Glycoprotein

A
  • A protein with sugar components attached.
  • Found in plasma membranes and in most secreted proteins.
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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • An important protein found in the blood.
  • Deals with transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
  • Gives blood it’s red coloring.
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21
Q

High velocity impact spatter (HVIS)

A
  • A bloodstain pattern caused by a high velocity impact to a blood source.
  • Striking object is moving at speeds of 100 ft/sec or faster.
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22
Q

Immunoassay

A
  • Technique of identifying and measuring the amount of a substance in the blood (primarily through antigen-antibody interactions).
  • Examples: immunoassay tests for blood types microbes, drugs, toxins, disease, etc.
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23
Q

Immunology

A

Branch of science that deals with the immune system.

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24
Q

Ischemia

A
  • A low oxygen state in the tissues.
  • When blood supply is cut off to a tissue or organ.
25
Q

Kastle-Meyer Test

A
  • Presumptive blood test using phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide.
  • If blood is present, the solution immediately turns pink.
  • Cannot discriminate between human and animal blood.
  • Sometimes gives false positives.
26
Q

Low velocity impact spatter (LVIS)

A
  • Bloodstain pattern caused by a low velocity impact to a blood source.
  • Usually at speeds up to about 5 ft/sec.
27
Q

Luminol Testing

A
  • Luminol is sprayed where blood is suspected.
  • Reactions occur that cause it to glow in the dark.
  • A blue glow can be seen and photographed.
  • This does not destroy the DNA.
28
Q

Medium velocity impact spatter (MVIS)

A
  • Bloodstain pattern caused by a medium velocity impact to a blood source.
  • Usually when the velocity of the object is between 5 and 25 ft/sec.
29
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A
  • An artificially prepared antibody.
  • Is more uniform than our natural antibodies and that attacks/binds to only one site on a chosen antigen.
  • Allow us to efficiently prepare pure antibodies in large amounts.
30
Q

Passive bloodstain

A

A bloodstain acted upon primarily by the action of gravity alone

31
Q

Phadebas reagent

A

The presumptive test reagent for saliva through detection of amylase

32
Q

Plasma (blood)

A
  • Liquid portion of blood
  • Makes-up 55% of its volume
  • Has glucose, amino acids, lipids, salts, and fatty acids to all cells in the body
  • 92% water, 8% blood proteins
33
Q

Platelets

A
  • Account for 1% of blood cells
  • Deal with blood clotting
  • Help the self-repair processes of blood vessels
34
Q

Peroxidase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of a compound from the reduction of hydrogen peroxide

35
Q

Presumptive test

A
  • Analysis which can screen for, but not confirm, the presence of a particular substance in a sample
  • Always require further confirmatory tests
36
Q

Protein

A
  • Organic polymer molecule made up of amino acids
  • Their sequence of amino acids is dictated by the DNA genetic code
37
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

You’ll never guess this one

38
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • Flexible, disc-shaped cells, concave on both sides
  • Account for about 96% of the cellular portion of blood
  • Carries O2 from the lungs to the cells and return waste CO2 from the cells back to the lungs
  • Main component is a protein called hemoglobin
39
Q

Ring Precipitin Test

A
  • Immunoassay test in which a soluble antigen reacts to form a precipitate when it combines with a specific antibody
  • Main purpose is to determine if human blood is present
40
Q

Saliva

A
  • Body fluid produced by the salivary glands of the mouth
  • Made-up of mostly of water with small amounts of proteins, enzymes and other substances
41
Q

Satellite spatter

A
  • Small droplets of blood distributed around a larger drop of blood
  • Formed from the force of the impact with the surface
42
Q

Secretor

A
  • People that secrete blood antigens (A, B, O) in other body fluids besides blood.
43
Q

Semen

A

semi-fluid containing cells, proteins, amino acids, hormones, carbohydrates, and other inorganic and organic compounds.
Produced by the male reproductive system to carry sperm.

44
Q

Seminal Acid Phosphatase

A

Enzyme found in high levels in semen

45
Q

Serology

A

The study of serums, body fluids, and liquids.

46
Q

Serum

A
  • Yellow solution obtained by first allowing blood to clot and then removing the solids by centrifugation
  • Differs from plasma since it contains none of the clotting factors found in plasma
47
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • Disease caused by a change of a single amino acid in hemoglobin.
  • Result: RBC’s change to a sickle-shape under low O2 levels.
  • Typically leads to anemia.
48
Q

Sperm

A

Male reproductive cell

49
Q

Substrate

A

Substance upon which an enzyme works

50
Q

Surface tension

A

tendency of the molecules at the surface of a liquid to behave as if they were part of an elastic membrane

51
Q

Sweat

A

Mostly saltwater solution that is secreted by sweat glands in an attempt to cool the body by evaporation

52
Q

Transfer bloodstains

A

Pattern created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with another surface to form a print-like pattern

53
Q

Transfusion

A

Addition of blood or blood components from a donor directly into the blood stream of a recipient.

54
Q

Urine

A

solution comprised mostly of water and salts and used by the body to eliminate soluble waste products and to regulate ion concentrations

55
Q

Viscosity

A

Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.

56
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Gelatinous fluid filling the eyeball behind the lens

57
Q

White blood cells

A
  • Fights off disease/infection and assists with cell repair
  • Consists of a large group of cell types (NKs, monocytes, phagocytes, etc)
  • Can be round or irregularly shaped
  • 3% of the total number of blood cells
58
Q

Coagulation

A
  • Occurs when blood types are mixed
  • Triggers an immune response (RBC’s clumping together)

Forensics (19 decks)

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