Chapter 7

Question 1

tripartite model of personal identity

Answer 1

the understanding that our self-perceptions are made up of unique, individual aspects, aspects of groups to which we belong, and universal aspects of human beings

Question 2

preencounter stage of minority identity development

Answer 2

the state or status in which one feels and accepts that the world is organized according to the dominant culture and against one’s own cultural group

Question 3

encounter stage of minority identity development

Answer 3

the stage or status in which one is confronted with the realities of racism or other forms of devaluation of one’s cultural group

Question 4

immersion/emersion stage of minority identity development

Answer 4

the stage or status in which one involves oneself completely within one’s cultural group to the exclusion of the majority group. One emerges from this stage because one cannot meet all of one’s needs if society is truly dominated by the majority group

Question 5

internalization stage of minority identity development

Answer 5

the stage or status in which one feels comfortable with one’s identity. This allows one to express acceptance of other cultures

Question 6

Helms’s six European American identity statuses

Answer 6

1) contact; 2) disintegration; 3) reintegration; 4) pseudoindependence; 5) immersion/emersion; 6) autonomy

Question 7

contact (first status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses)

Answer 7

the status in which European American people are uninformed about the realities of racism and privilege. They may profess to be color-blind

Question 8

color-blind

Answer 8

the stance that everyone is the same and that there is no need to acknowledge ethnic or racial differences

Question 9

disintegration (second status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses)

Answer 9

the status in which European American people are in enough contact with people of color that their naivete about racism is shattered

Question 10

reintegration (third status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses)

Answer 10

the status in which European American people retreat to their comfort zone within their European American communities

Question 11

pseudoindependence (fourth status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses

Answer 11

the status in which European American people begin to acknowledge the realities of racism but believe that it is Blacks who should change, not European Americans. This status marks the first phase in the development of a nonracist European American identity.

Question 12

immersion/emersion (fifth status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses)

Answer 12

the status in which European American people begin to form a more positive European American identity and to focus on changing European Americans, not African Americans

Question 13

autonomy (sixth status of Helms’s six European American identity statuses)

Answer 13

the status in which European Americans are comfortable with their European American identity, understand that racism is connected with other forms of oppression, and work to address all forms of oppression

Question 14

causal stage (first stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 14

an emotional state when the individual accepts the negative labels attached to a Latinx identity and feel humiliated and traumatized by these labels

Question 15

cognitive stage (second stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 15

the belief that maintaining a Latinx identity necessarily means being poor, that escape from poverty and prejudice can be attained only through assimilation to the mainstream culture, and that success in life is possible only through assimilation

Question 16

consequence stage (third stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 16

an estrangement from the Latinx community because of the sense that negative attributes are associated with being Latinx

Question 17

working-through stage (fourth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 17

a stage when the individual feels distress because of alienation from his or her Latinx community and is therefore motivated to integrate one’s Latinx identity into a sense of self

Question 18

successful resolution stage (fifth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 18

the final stage when the Latinx identity is integrated into one’s own identity and the positive attributes of the Latinx identity are included

Question 19

personal identity stage (first stage of Poston’s five-stage model of biracial identity development)

Answer 19

the stage or status in which a child bases his or her identity on personal factors, such as self-esteem, instead of race or ethnicity

Question 20

choice of group categorization stage (second stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 20

the stage or status that a child is forced to choose which race or ethnicity he or she should use as the basis of his or her identity

Question 21

enmeshment/denial stage (third stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 21

a state or status in which a child feels guilty about choosing one race or ethnicity over the other because this is an implicit rejection of the parent whose race or ethnicity was not chosen

Question 22

appreciation stage (fourth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 22

the stage or status in which a child/adolescent begins to broaden his or her perspective to include the race or ethnicity not initially selected for his or her identity

Question 23

integration stage (fifth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 23

the stage or status in which a child/adolescent/adult sees the benefits of embracing both races or ethnicities

Question 24

coming out

Answer 24

the process by which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual openly expresses his or her sexual orientation

Question 25

identity confusion (first stage of Cass’s six stages of sexual identity)

Answer 25

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual begins to question his or her sexual identity

Question 26

identity comparison (second stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 26

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual recognizes his or her feelings about the same-sex individuals

Question 27

identity tolerance (third stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 27

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual fully recognizes his or her nonheterosexual feelings but attempts to hide them from others and from himself or herself by trying to believe, for example, that it is just a phase he or she is going through

Question 28

identity acceptance (fourth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 28

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual fully accepts his or her orientation and is about to come out to others

Question 29

identity pride (fifth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 29

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual openly expresses his or her sexual orientation and takes pride in that identity

Question 30

identity synthesis (sixth stage of Ruiz’s Chicano/Latinx identity development model)

Answer 30

the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual is able to integrate all aspects of his or her identities, such as ethnic minority status and gender

Question 31

racial and cultural identity development model (R/CID)

Answer 31

a general model that covers all forms of cultural identity and addresses how one relates to oneself, to others of the same culture, to others of different cultures, and to the dominant cultural group

Question 32

conformity stage (first stage of the R/CID model)

Answer 32

the stage in which an individual sees the dominant culture as better and superior to all groups and sees his or her own cultural group as less than or inferior

Question 33

dissonance stage (second stage of the R/CID model)

Answer 33

the stage in which there is a sudden or gradual occurrence that challenges a person’s belief that the dominant group is superior and the minority groups, including his or her own, are inferior

Question 34

resistance and immersion stage (third stage of the R/CID model)

Answer 34

the stage in which the person becomes more immersed within his or her cultural group, rejecting the dominant culture with extreme feelings of anger, guilt, and shame for his or her initial preference of the dominant culture and rejection of his or her own

Question 35

introspection (fourth stage of the R/CID model)

Answer 35

the stage in which a person becomes less angry at, as well as distrustful of, the dominant group, less immersed in his or her own group, more appreciating of other cultural groups, and more apt to educate himself or herself about his or her own identity, though the process still creates some inner conflict

Question 36

integrative awareness (fifth stage of the R/CID model)

Answer 36

the stage in which a person finds greater balance, appreciates his or her own group as well as other cultural groups, and become aware of himself or herself as an individual and a cultural being, recognizing differences among cultural groups, both positive and negative

Question 37

affiliative ethnicity identity

Answer 37

individual identities rooted in knowledge, regular consumption and deployment of an ethnic culture that is unconnected to an individual’s ethnic ancestry until that individual regards herself, and maybe regarded by others, as an affiliate of a particular ethnic group

Question 38

cultural appropriation

Answer 38

occurs when people use artifacts and processes belonging to a cultural group outside their own. The use and even ownership of artifacts and processes from a marginalized group involve the assimilation and exploitation of marginalized and colonized cultures and in the survival of subordinated cultures and their resistance to dominant cultures

Question 39

racial salience

Answer 39

at a particular time or in a particular situation, the extent to which one’s race is relevant in self-concept