Chapter 1 Part 2

Question 1

Paul Pedersen proposed that multiculturalism is the ____ in psychology

Answer 1

fourth force

Question 2

In psychology, the term force is used to describe

Answer 2

a theory that has a huge influence on the field and precipitates a paradigm shift (or major change) in the way people think about human behavior

Question 3

multiculturalism as the fourth force

Answer 3

the idea that multicultural psychology is so important that it will fundamentally change the direction of the field of psychology, as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanism did

Question 4

paradigm shift

Answer 4

a major change in the way people think about a field

Question 5

Pedersen does not see multiculturalism as replacing the other three theories, but as

Answer 5

adding a fourth dimension to psychology and, ideally, to strengthen the other three

Question 6

First force

Answer 6

Name of theory: psychoanalysis

Key theorists: Freud

Question 7

Second force

Answer 7

Name of theory: behaviorism

Key theorist: Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, Skinner

Question 8

Third force

Answer 8

Name of theory: humanism

Key theorists: Rogers

Question 9

Fourth force

Answer 9

Name of theory: multiculturalism

Key theorists: Sue, Pedersen, White, Ivey, Bernal, Trimble

Question 10

Calling multiculturalism the fourth force challenges us to acknowledge that

Answer 10

All of these:

a) all behavior occurs in and is impacted by a cultural context
b) until recently, this fact has virtually been ignored by the field
c) once we understand the nature and the contribution of culture, this understanding will dramatically alter and expand the way we study and understand behavior

Question 11

a multicultural perspective makes our understanding of behavior

Answer 11

more clear and meaningful, rather than more obscure and awkward

Question 12

the main goal of multicultural psychology is to

Answer 12

convince general psychology that culture is an important contributor to the development of human behavior, and to our understanding and study of it

Question 13

One of the major tenets of multicultural psychology is that

Answer 13

all behavior occurs in a cultural context. Therefore, to fully understand human behavior, we must understand its cultural context. Culture influences everything

Question 14

biopsychosocial model

Answer 14

a model of human behavior that takes into consideration biological, cognitive-affective, social-interpersonal, social institutional, and cultural factors

Question 15

although the model originally focused on an understanding of physical illnesses,

Answer 15

biopsychosocial model is also very useful in understanding psychological illnesses

Question 16

the first level of the biopsychosocial model is

Answer 16

biological level. At the most basic level, our behavior is influenced by our physiological and genetic makeup. When we lack certain nutrients, our body sends us signals that something is out of balance and must be corrected.

Question 17

the second level of the biopsychosocial model is

Answer 17

cognitive-affective level. This level examines the effects our thoughts and feelings have on our behavior. The connection between one’s mental or psychological state and physical health has long been established.

Question 18

cognitions refer to our

Answer 18

thoughts but include all our basic mental processes such as memories, perceptions, and beliefs

Question 19

affect refers to

Answer 19

feelings or emotions

Question 20

The most popular theory of depression is the cognitive theory proposed by

Answer 20

Aaron Beck

Question 21

Beck proposed that depression is associated with and maintained by

Answer 21

negative thinking patterns

Question 22

negative cognitive triad

Answer 22

Beck’s label for the negative view depressed individuals tend to have of themselves, the world, and the future

Question 23

Beck noticed that depressed people made many

Answer 23

cognitive errors or distortions of reality

Question 24

One example of a cognitive error is overgeneralization, wherein a person draws

Answer 24

global conclusions about his or her worth, ability, or performance on the basis of a single fact

Question 25

According to Beck, negative and distorted thoughts lead to

Answer 25

negative or depressed feelings. Once people get caught in this negative cycle, it is very hard for them to get out

Question 26

the third level of the biopsychosocial model is

Answer 26

social-interpersonal level, which focuses on the impact of the social relationships on our behavior

Question 27

the fourth level of the biopsychosocial model is

Answer 27

the social institutional level. Social institutions are large, complex, relatively stable clusters of social relationship that involve people working together to address some basic human or societal need. At this level of analysis, psychologists try to understand how behavior is influenced by our interactions with these large organizations

Question 28

the final level (the fifth level) of the biopsychosocial model is

Answer 28

the cultural level.

Question 29

racism

Answer 29

a belief about the inferiority of African Americans that continues to pervade our society

Question 30

Each of the biopsychosocial model’s level becomes larger and more complex, with each level influencing the last. As the final level, culture

Answer 30

influences all levels

Question 31

the field of multicultural psychology evolved primarily from

Answer 31

the areas of clinical and counseling psychology and work that was done on conducting counseling and psychotherapy with diverse populations

Question 32

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 1

Answer 32

MCT is a metatheory of counseling and psychotherapy. This means that it is a generic theory that provides a framework for understanding all other therapeutic approaches, both the traditional ones (i.e. psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic) and the nontraditional ones, such as indigenous forms of healing. No one approach is viewed as inherently good or bad, each simply represents a different worldview

Question 33

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 2

Answer 33

Both counselor and client identities are formed and embedded in multiple levels of experiences (individual, group, and universal) and contexts (individual, family, cultural milieu) The totality and interrelationships of experiences and context must be the focus of the treatment.

Question 34

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 3

Answer 34

Development of cultural identity is a major determinant of counselor and client attitudes toward the self, others of the same group, others of a different group, and the dominant group. These attitudes are strongly influenced not only by cultural variables but also by the dynamics of the dominant-subordinate relationship among culturally different groups

Question 35

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 4

Answer 35

The effectiveness of MCT theory is most likely enhanced when the counselor uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences cultural values of the client

Question 36

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 5

Answer 36

MCT theory stresses the importance of multiple helping roles developed by many culturally different groups and societies. Beside the one-on-one encounter aimed at remediation in the individual, these roles often involve larger social units, systems intervention, and prevention

Question 37

Sue’s basic assumptions of a Theory of Multicultural Counseling and Therapy (MCT) Proposition 6

Answer 37

The liberation of consciousness is a basic goal of MCT, which emphasizes the importance of expanding personal, family, group, and organization consciousness of the place of self-n-relation, family-in-relation, and organization-in-relation. This result in therapy that not only ultimately contextual in orientation but also draws on traditional methods of healing from many cultures

Question 38

critical consciousness

Answer 38

the ability of individuals to take perspective on their immediate cultural, social, and political environment, to engage in critical dialogue with it, bringing to bear fundamental moral commitments including concerns for justice and equity, and to define their own place with respect to surrounding reality, constitutes an important human faculty

Question 39

The birth of psychology as a scientific field of study is traditionally regarded as having occurred in 1879 with the founding of

Answer 39

the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, by Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 40

structuralism

Answer 40

the first formal approach to psychology that attempted to examine the contents of people’s minds

Question 41

structural introspection

Answer 41

the method that structuralists used to examine the contents of people’s minds

Question 42

ethnical psychology

Answer 42

the study of the minds of “other races and people”

Question 43

eugenics

Answer 43

a movement that maintains that only “good genes” should be passed from generation to generation and that “undesirable” groups should be dissuaded from reproducing

Question 44

Factors at the biological, social-interpersonal, and cultural levels interact to result in the differing reactions of men and women to

Answer 44

moral dilemmas

Question 45

Dr. Joseph White is known as

Answer 45

the Father of Black Psychology and a founding member of the Association of Black Psychologists