Chapter 1 Part 1

Question 1

The use of oral history and personal life stories has a long tradition in

Answer 1

the field of psychology

Question 2

Personal narratives are particularly important in

Answer 2

the study of people from diverse groups

Question 3

Telling our story enables us to

Answer 3

be heard, recognized, and acknowledged by others

Question 4

Story makes the implicit explicit, the hidden seen,

Answer 4

the unformed, formed, and the confusing clear

Question 5

multicultural psychology

Answer 5

the systematic study of behavior, cognition, and affect in settings where people of different backgrounds interact/in many cultures. It involves examining in some way the effect of culture on the way people act, think, and feel. That is a good place to start, but the term is more complicated

Question 6

psychology

Answer 6

the systematic study of behavior, cognition, and affect . In other words, psychologists are interested in how people act, think, and feel and in all factors that influence these human processes.

Question 7

Culture is an external factor because it influences the events that occur around us and our interactions with other people. On the other hand, culture influences our

Answer 7

internal processes, such as how we interpret the things going on around us

Question 8

the prefix multi means

Answer 8

many

Question 9

the suffix al means

Answer 9

of or pertaining to

Question 10

multicultural means

Answer 10

pertaining to many cultures

Question 11

Six uses of cultural in everyday language

Answer 11

a) descriptive: the specific behaviors and activities associated with a culture (i.e. primary language)
b) historical: a group’s heritage and traditions (holidays people celebrate)
c) normative: the rules that govern the behavior of a group (to talk about traditional gender roles and machismo)
d) psychological: which emphasizes the behavioral processes, such as learning and problem solving (to talk about a process of learning a language or adjusting to a new culture)
e) structural: which reflects the organizational elements of a culture (to talk about the importance of the extended family)
f) genetic: which refers to the origin of that culture (to talk about the combined influence of indigenous and Spanish (European) people on Mexican physical appearance)

Question 12

culture

Answer 12

All of these:

1) the values, beliefs, and practices of a group of people, shared through symbols, and passed down from generation to generation
2) 2013 APA’s definition of culture: systems of knowledge, concepts, rules, and practices that are learned and transmitted across generations. Culture include language, religion and spirituality, family structures, life-cycle stages, ceremonial rituals, and customs, as well as moral and legal systems. Culture are open, dynamic systems that undergo continuous change over time. In the contemporary world, most individuals and groups are exposed to multiple cultures, which they use to fashion their own identities and make sense of their experience

Question 13

Narrow definition of culture

Answer 13

is limited to race, ethnicity, and/or nationality. This use of term is probably a more common one

Question 14

broad definition of culture

Answer 14

includes any and all potentially ethnographic, demographic, status, or affiliation identities. In other words, any of the important or meaningful ways in which we identify ourselves can be viewed as culture. Therefore, language, gender, ethnicity/race, spirituality, sexual preference, age, physical issues, socioeconomic status, and survival after trauma all define cultures. Under this broad definition, we can have simultaneous membership in more than one culture

Question 15

Some psychologists argue that a broad definition of culture

Answer 15

is not particularly helpful. If this definition is taken to its extreme, anything could be considered as a culture. However, most multicultural psychologists subscribe to a broad definition of culture that includes statuses and affiliations such as gender, physical ability, religion, and sexual orientation. This broad definition of culture includes a wide range of diversity that encompasses differences beyond race, ethnicity, and nationality

Question 16

diversity

Answer 16

acknowledgement of individual human differences that go beyond race, ethnicity, and nationality, such as age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, socioeconomic status, and physical ability

Question 17

worldview

Answer 17

a psychological perception of the environment that determines how we think, behave, and feel. Worldviews are shaped by past experiences

Question 18

Different culture groups perceive, define, and interact with their environment in different ways based on

Answer 18

their past learning experiences. People from different cultures may see or experience the same thing but interpret it in drastically different ways

Question 19

The term race is used in two main ways

Answer 19

1) biological concept

2) sociocultural concept

Question 20

biological concept of race

Answer 20

the perspective that a race is a group of people who share a specific combination of physical, genetically inherited characteristics that distinguish them from other groups

Question 21

sociocultural concept of race

Answer 21

All of these:

1) the perspective that characteristics, values, and behaviors that have been associated with groups of people who share different physical characteristics serve the social purpose of providing a way for outsiders to view another group and for members of a group to perceive themselves
2) the inclusion of behavior and psychological characteristics in the taxonomies, along with the value judgements placed on these characteristics, and the resulting different treatment of various human groups, led to the sociocultural construct of race

Question 22

As long ago as ancient Egypt, human beings attempted to

Answer 22

describe and classify themselves

Question 23

The scientific notion of race as a biological construct was first developed during

Answer 23

the Age of Enlightenment. It became very popular during that time and in the centuries that followed to create taxonomies of the human species. By the late 19th century, several of these classification systems existed, the simplest with only 2 categories and the most complex with 63.

Question 24

Most of the early taxonomies placed humans in categories based on

Answer 24

superficial phenotypic characteristics, such as skin color, hair texture, shape of nose, shape of eyes, and size of lips

Question 25

One of the most influential categorizations that still influences conceptualizations of race today came from

Answer 25

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. He believed that physical factors such as skin color and skull shape interacted with environmental factors such as geographic location, exposure to the sun, and diet to produce the different racial groups

Question 26

Johann Blumenbach’s race five categories based on the shape of the skull

Answer 26

1) The Caucasian, or white race
2) the Mongolian, or yellow race
3) the Malayan, or brown race
4) the Ethiopian, or Negro, or black race
5) the American, or red race

Question 27

By the 18th century, scientists began to include behavioral and psychological characteristics in their

Answer 27

classifications of race

Question 28

The Great Chain of Being, an idea from Christian Western Europe in the medieval era, was the believe in

Answer 28

a hierarchical structure of life. Those nearest the top of the hierarchy were considered closest to perfection, or to God. This idea crept into the racial categorizations in which Christian Europeans were placed at the top of the chain. Characteristics assigned to groups lower in the chain were often derogatory and demeaning. Thus, society assigned a value to these characteristics, which eventually led to notions of racial inferiority and superiority and to justification of the unfair treatment of different racial groups, such as the enslavement of African Americans. Such beliefs were widely spread and passed down from generation to generation, so that today, groups such as African Americans still struggle to combat stereotypes about their racial inferiority.

Question 29

The assignment of disposition and intellectual characteristics to the racial groups was not completely arbitrary. It came from

Answer 29

observations (albeit biased ones) of the behavior of the different groups

Question 30

The sociocultural meaning of the term race also came from

Answer 30

the migration of various groups to different parts of the globe. Because of the resulting geographic isolation and inbreeding, these groups developed not only similar physical characteristics, but also their own unique set of values, beliefs, and practices - in order words, different cultures

Question 31

Today, results of genetic studies indicate that physiological differences among racial groups are

Answer 31

superficial and that as human beings we have far more genetic similarities than differences. Variation within different racial groups is far greater than is variation among the groups. Estimates indicate that 88-90% of genetic variation occurs within local populations, whereas only 10-12% is between populations. This means two people from different groups may share more similarities than two people from the same group.

Question 32

Most respected scholars currently acknowledge that human beings came from the same beginnings

Answer 32

in Africa and that genetic differences among groups can be explained by patterns of migration and adaptations as groups moved farther away from that point of origin

Question 33

The American Anthropological Association concluded that race is not

Answer 33

a legitimate biological or genetic construct; rather, it is, an ideology used to justify the domination of one identifiable group by another. In other words, there really is only one biological race…the human race

Question 34

Although a biological definition of race has little evidence to support it, once the broad categories were drawn and the idea of significant genetic differences among groups was propagated,

Answer 34

the term took on sociocultural significance

Question 35

The term race survives despite the lack of a scientific basis because it continues to

Answer 35

serve one purpose or another for those who use it. Such purposes are the psychological implications of racial group membership

Question 36

ethnicity

Answer 36

a combination of race and culture

Question 37

It should also be recognized that people have more than one identity. We have an identity related to each major demographic characteristic (race, ethnicity, etc.)

Answer 37

We are simultaneously members of each of these groups, and each identity influences the other.

Question 38

Change one identity and you change the

Answer 38

person’s experience

Question 39

intersection of identities

Answer 39

the meaningful ways in which various social statuses interact (i.e. race, gender, social class) and result in differing experiences with oppression and privilege

Question 40

cultural contact

Answer 40

critical incidents in which people from different cultures come into social contact with one another either a) by living and working with one another on a daily basis or b) through visiting other countries on a temporary basis, such as for business, tourism, or study. Multicultural psychology is interested in both types of cultural contact, although it emphasizes the first type

Question 41

ethnic minority psychology

Answer 41

the study of issues relevant to racial and ethnic groups that have historically been marginalized, oppressed, and underserved

Question 42

The shift from ethnic minority psychology to multicultural psychology took place for several reasons

Answer 42

All of these:

1) to strengthen ties and develop allies across the various racial/ethnic groups
2) to move beyond race and ethnicity and be more inclusive of other identities related to gender, religion, sexual orientation, etc.
3) the term minority has come to have a negative connotation when referring to people of color
4) In short, the term multicultural psychology is seen as more inclusive, more accurate, and more empowering

Question 43

Why the term minority has a negative connotation

Answer 43

All of these:

1) it is not statistically accurate. When looking at the global population, people of color make up the statistical majority
2) it implies that one group is of lesser status than another, which can lead the people in these groups to feel less powerful

Question 44

cultural psychology

Answer 44

the study of how unique practices within a culture shape behavior, cognition, and affect

Question 45

cross-cultural psychology

Answer 45

the search for universal principles of human behavior, cognition, and affect or for what is common across cultures

Question 46

The idea of multiculturalism goes beyond the field of psychology. The term applies in settings in which

Answer 46

more than one culture exists and represents a set of beliefs about how those groups should coexist

Question 47

The basic assumptions of multiculturalism can be summarized as

Answer 47

tolerance, respect, inclusion, sensitivity, equity, empowerment, social justice, and social change

Question 48

Many people believe that simple tolerance is not enough and

Answer 48

that there is a need to move beyond tolerance to other ideals. Tolerance should be the minimum goal or a starting point. The goal should not be tolerance but mutual enrichment

Question 49

Tolerance

Answer 49

a fair, open, and objective attitude towards people and ideas that differs from yours

Question 50

respect

Answer 50

to value, appreciate, and show regard or consideration for differences

Question 51

inclusion

Answer 51

active efforts to reverse the historical exclusion of certain groups in society

Question 52

sensitivity

Answer 52

awareness that cultural differences exist and taking these differences into account in our interactions

Question 53

equity

Answer 53

equal to access to opportunities and resources; this includes providing extra assistance to those who have historically not been given equal access

Question 54

empowerment

Answer 54

helping members of marginalized and mistreated groups stand up for their rights

Question 55

social justice

Answer 55

efforts aimed at providing equal distributions of rights, privileges, opportunities, and resources within a society

Question 56

social change

Answer 56

widespread change in the institutions, behaviors, and relationships within a society

Question 57

Equity and equality

Answer 57

are not the same thing, although both are related to the idea of fairness.

Question 58

Equality

Answer 58

All of these:

1) is the belief that everyone has equal access to resources and opportunities and can take advantage of them if they choose.
2) assumes everyone starts at the same level
3) says that per-student funding at every school should be the same
4) is fairness as uniform distribution
5) treats everyone the same, regardless of circumstances

Question 59

equity

Answer 59

All of these:

1) recognizes that not everyone has equal access
2) means providing remedies for the past injustices to level the playing field
3) says that students who come from less should get more to let them catch up
4) is fairness as justice
5) considers differing needs

Question 60

Multiculturalism is more than a philosophy, it is a

Answer 60

social, intellectual, and moral movement where the six basic values (assumptions) are seen as goals to be achieved

Question 61

We must have equity before we can achieve

Answer 61

true equality

Question 62

All fields of study are founded on a core set of values, but the values

Answer 62

are not always explicitly understood or communicated

Question 63

Multicultural psychology is explicit about the values it espouses and

Answer 63

how these values guide theory, research, and practice in the field