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PSYC 2344 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The modern history of immigration into the United States began in

A

1492 when Columbus landed on American soil

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2
Q

Census data are available from 1850 to the present day and reflect high percentages of

A

foreign-born persons in the United States

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3
Q

The United States is a nation of

A

immigrants

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4
Q

Immigrants’ countries of origin have

A

greatly fluctuated

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5
Q

With shifts in the types and number of immigrants, the attitudes in the United States and their accompanying immigration policies have

A

dramatically changed over the years, privileging some groups (i.e. Cubans in the 1960s) and hindering others (i.e. Mexicans today)

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6
Q

The partisan politics are very

A

time and context bound

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7
Q

Immigration continues to be an important part of

A

human behavior

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8
Q

Immigration is ubiquitous in the United States

A

now and for all our modern history

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9
Q

Immigration affects us all

A

from our own family and personal histories to the transformation of our communities

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10
Q

the term migration includes two phenomena

A

a) the flight of refugees from their own countries because of the threat of persecution, imprisonment, or death
b) the voluntary departure of individuals from their own countries to some other country

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11
Q

refugees and immigrants have

A

very different experiences when they arrive in their new host country. Their stories of acculturation and stress may differ because of the differences in how they decided to migrate to a new country

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12
Q

immigrants

A

people who move to another country voluntarily. The decision to move can take weeks, months, or even years, which allows these people to prepare for the move and to begin the acculturation process before the move

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13
Q

Social support networks may be more readily available to immigrants than to refugees, both in the host country and in their country of origin, so that contacts are maintained with family members from their own country even after they leave. In that sense, immigrants may have

A

consistent social and economic support so that they do not feel completely alone in a new host country

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14
Q

Immigrants are more likely than refugees to have

A

opportunities to plan their exit from their host country, arrange for orderly transportation to their chosen place of residence, pack their belongings, and say goodbye to family and friends

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15
Q

Immigrants may not feel

A

completely at home with either their host culture or their original culture

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16
Q

refugees

A

people who are forced to move from their homelands because of war or political oppression. The decision to move is almost immediate, taking days, hours, or even minutes, which does not allow these people to prepare for the move or to begin the acculturation process because they do not usually know which country they will finally settle in

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17
Q

asylum seekers

A

a special class of refugee who either already reside in the United States or at a U.S. port of entry requesting admittance

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18
Q

The president of the United States, in consultation with the Congress, determines the number of refugees that

A

will be allowed into the country in a given year

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19
Q

Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers

A

predeparture, flight, first asylum, claimant, settlement, and adaptation

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20
Q

predeparture stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

conditions that force refugees to flee their homelands

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21
Q

flight stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

the period of transit away from the homeland. This is a period of maximum uncertainty, during which the refugees do not know where they are going. They only know that they must flee their homes and communities.

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22
Q

first asylum stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

first place where refugees settle where they feel safe. Conditions in these places of asylum vary widely, however, from safe and relatively good to woefully underfunded and unhealthy

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23
Q

claimant stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

the first country of potential resettlement. At this point, there is a possibility that the refugees can be deported or repatriated. Often, refugees are permitted to stay in the initial country for a limited time. If they exceed the time limit, they are subject to deportation.

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24
Q

settlement stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

the country of settlement

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25
Q

adaptation stage (Berry’s six stages of Refugee Careers)

A

adjustment to the new country of settlement. This process is referred to as acculturation.

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26
Q

Because refugees generally flee extremely difficult circumstances, they often experience

A

posttraumatic stress disorder

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27
Q

acculturative stress

A

changes in individuals’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and attitudes as a result of exposure to a new culture

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28
Q

bicultural stress

A

changes in individuals’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and attitudes as a result of exposure to a new culture while trying to maintain one’s culture of origin

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29
Q

although employment, language, roles, and education may be important, lack of support networks can be the

A

greatest source of stress

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30
Q

among immigrants and refugees, perceived quality of social support may be a more

A

accurate predictor of psychological distress than the quantity of social support

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31
Q

reasons for immigration are clustered into four main categories

A

economic, social, political, and environmental

32
Q

Within these broad areas, there are factors that push people away from their countries of origin and others that pull people into a new host culture. Employment opportunities are considered a

A

pull factor

33
Q

acculturation

A

experiences and changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come in contact with a different culture

34
Q

acculturation was most often conceptualized, measured, and analyzed at the

A

individual level

35
Q

acculturation measures are used to access individuals’ levels of acculturation, and then individuals’ acculturation are analyzed in relation to individual-level outcomes

A

such as physical and mental health status, social and emotional well-being, and educational achievement. Depending on the changes people go through, their stress levels will differ.

36
Q

acculturative stress, which is the tension and anxiety that directly results from and has its source in the acculturative process, is

A

unrelated to the level of acculturation, such that a person who is less acculturated may not experience any more or less stress than one who is more acculturated

37
Q

acculturation is a

A

process as opposed to an outcome

38
Q

acculturation is a

A

bidirectional process. While groups are trying acculturate to the host culture, the success of their adjustment is at least partially depend on how the host culture reacts to them. When the new immigrants arrive, they undergo a process of change, but so do the people who come in contact with them

39
Q

If a group experiences discrimination, the acculturation process is

A

impeded

40
Q

John Berry

A

the father of psychological research on acculturation

41
Q

there is evidence that discrimination is the most powerful predictor of

A

poor psychological and sociocultural adaptation

42
Q

enculturation

A

the other side of the acculturation coin.

43
Q

through enculturation, individuals

A

retain or deepen their learning of their own cultural norms

44
Q

enculturation did not predict negative mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, psychological distress, and negative affect.

A

However, enculturation did predict positive mental health outcomes, specifically self-esteem, satisfaction with life, and positive affect. This finding is important because individuals connecting with their culture of origin may build important resilience in the process

45
Q

Compared to other countries that have ethnic and linguistic diversity, the United States falls

A

squarely in the middle

46
Q

Berry’s Model of acculturation process

A

all of these:

  1. assimilationist
  2. separationist
  3. marginalist
  4. integrationist
47
Q

assimilationist (Berry’s Model of acculturation process)

A

all of these:

  1. an individual who has given up his or her identity of origin in favor of identifying with the host culture’s values and beliefs
  2. an individual who blends completely into the host society, taking on the values of that society and rejecting his or her original values
48
Q

separationist (Berry’s Model of acculturation process)

A

all of these:

  1. an individual who identifies with his or her identity of origin and rejects of all the host culture’s values and beliefs
  2. an individual who refuses to take on any values of the host society, hanging on to his or her original values completely
49
Q

marginalist (Berry’s Model of acculturation process)

A

all of these:

  1. an individual who does not identify with either his or her original culture or the host culture
  2. an individual who does not adopt either the host society’s values or his or her original values
50
Q

integrationist or bicultural (Berry’s Model of acculturation process)

A

all of these:

  1. an individual who combines (integrates) aspects of his or her own culture and the host culture
  2. individuals who hold on to their original values while also learning and adopting the values of the host culture
51
Q

Integrationists or biculturals are

A

all of these:

  1. deemed most likely to succeed
  2. the most well-balanced and the happiest of the four main groups
52
Q

Acculturation groups are

A

not necessarily stable. There may be fluidity in a person’s status. The fluidity suggests that there are more variables to consider when looking at the processes immigrants and refugees must go through to appropriately acculturate into their host culture

53
Q

LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation

A

all of these:

  1. assimilation
  2. acculturated
  3. fusion
  4. alternation
  5. multicultural
54
Q

assimilation (LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation)

A

absorption into the dominant culture

55
Q

assimilationists may experience rejection from the members of

A

their own cultural group. They also lose their their original cultural identity, which may later cause guilt and isolation

56
Q

acculturated (LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation)

A

all of these:

  1. competent in host culture but maintains own cultural identity as more essential
  2. mirror integrationists in that people are able to show competence within the dominant culture. The difference is that acculturated individuals are always identified as members of the minority culture, and they are relegated to a lower status and not completely accepted, even given their capabilities.
  3. might be called bicultural essentialists because they believe that there is an essential quality to their ethnicity. These individuals may experience more difficulties in switching between cultures than they consciously realize
57
Q

fusion (LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation)

A

all of these:

  1. is similar to the melting pot theory, wherein new individuals come together to form a new, homogenous culture from parts of the different cultures
  2. differs from Berry’s assimilation group because aspects of multiple cultures are integrated into a new culture. Cultures of origin are not distinct and identifiable.
  3. can sometimes be used as an excuse to not see color or other differences among people, which some people may argue is the perpetuating principle behind continuing racist acts
58
Q

alternation (LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation)

A

all of these:

  1. competence in both the host culture and one’s original culture such that one is able to apply the values and behaviors that are appropriate for the situation
  2. regards two cultures as equal. An individual does not have to choose between the two cultures and can alter his or her behavior to fit the context.
  3. LaFramboise and associates see this group as the optimal one, just as Berry describes the integrationist group as his most positive one.
59
Q

though the alternation group is optimal and many people would wish to be able to adjust themselves according to context, this kind of life is

A

not easy. It is not always possible to maintain positive relationships, even when an individual can adapt and adjust accordingly. However, there does seem to be some evidence that individuals can master this process.

60
Q

multicultural model/perspective (LaFramboise and Associates’ Model of Acculturation)

A

all of these:

  1. the perspective that there are multiple groups within a society and all groups are mutually appreciated
  2. involves cultures with distinct identities joined together within a social structure. Individuals from one culture cooperate with those of other cultures to serve common needs.
  3. Is different from the melting pot notion in that each subculture can maintain its identity while living among others without necessarily assimilating or completely adopting others’ cultures
  4. is more accurately described by pluralistic quilt idea, in which each culture can be seen apart from the others, yet they are all joined within the same blanket. This is the optimal and most extreme definition of the multicultural model. When there is interaction, however, there also tends to be mutual influence, and cultures of origin tend not to be distinctly maintained. Thus, the multicultural group is difficult to achieve in practice.
61
Q

Three phases of migration to consider when speaking of immigrants and refugees

A

premigration, migration, and postmigration

62
Q

premigration period

A

all of these:

  1. the time before migration, when the acculturation process can begin to take place
  2. the time before the individuals leave their country of origin
63
Q

Immigrants’ experiences during the premigration period determine how

A

readily able they will be to tolerate outside experiences, and at times, an imposed set of norms.

64
Q

In the premigration period, we must also consider rituals that are looked on as

A

abnormal in the host country; after immigration, individuals often do not feel that they have the freedom to practice rituals that have been an important part of their lives. These individuals usually must reestablish their rituals in certain diverse communities where they are welcome

65
Q

migration period

A

the period when a group is migrating from the country of origin to the host country. This includes the period immediately before the migration, when the final feelings about moving are experienced and leave is taken from family and friends from the country of origin

66
Q

postmigration period

A

the continued stress experienced by immigrants, specifically related to new societal and cultural contexts. An individual may experience feelings of ambiguity and confusion because of the desire to hold on to his or her own cultural beliefs while living in a country that holds different and sometimes opposing cultural views.

67
Q

The postmigration period is when language, new roles and hierarchies, education, and employment begin to

A

change. Individuals who are unable to change during the postmigration period may suffer financially, emotionally, and/or mentally

68
Q

ecological fit/ecological context

A

similarity of the social and cultural environments between an immigrant’s country of origin and new host country. Several layers of ecological context must be considered, and we cannot stress enough how important an individual’s context is as he or she moves from the smallest layer or system of ecological context to the largest.

69
Q

Modified from Bronfenbrenner’s model (and Morris), the layers of ecological context are

A

microsystem -> mesosystem -> exosystem -> macrosystem.

70
Q

the layers of ecological context are relevant to acculturation because

A

of possible stressors that exist within each layer and that may dictate an individual’s degree of acculturation

71
Q

microsystem

A

a layer of context that includes relationships among family members living within one household

72
Q

mesosystem

A

a layer of context that includes relationships in the immediate area outside the family, such as schools, work, the extended family, and the community in which one lives

73
Q

exosystem

A

a layer of context that includes major societal institutions, such as the media and the government

74
Q

macrosystem

A

a layer of context that includes the cultural norms and societal rules that determine rules of conduct

75
Q

These four systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem) are interrelated, which means that

A

things occuring at the smallest level of context can affect what occurs in the largest context

76
Q

Often, children learn the new language much faster than do the parents and are able to interact with the social agencies of the new country. This gives the children

A

more power than their parents have and leads to a disruption of the family hierarchy

PSYC 2344 (11 decks)

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