Chapter 7-8 Flashcards
Kant’s nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed:
physiological mechanisms
The statement “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains” is associated with
Rousseau
According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:
a. return to nature
b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
c. live a life based on rational principles
d. seek pleasure and avoid pain
b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the:
a. rational powers
b. ideas that were derived from experience
c. apperceptive mass
d. total person
d. total person
For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were):
a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations
b. religious principles
c. the categorical imperative
d. rationally derived moral principles
a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations
According to Rousseau, for a government to be effective it must be based on:
General Will
Kierkegaard’s stages for development of human freedom
aesthetic-ethical-religious
What characterized Rousseau’s utopian society?
Surrender of masses to general will
Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as
the postponement of death
Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected:
controlled passion
The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account. Which of the following is not one of them?
a. irrational feelings
b. intuitions
c. instincts
d. logistics
d. logistics
Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits, or a vital force, believed that:
a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible
b. measuring the speed of nerve conduction may be possible in the future when better technology becomes available
c. science could not be applied in any way to studying nerve conduction
d. life could be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical processes alone
a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible
Define the three stages of Kierkegaard
aesthetic-hedonistic, bored and despairing, don’t recognize their freedom
Ethical-accept responsibility for their choices, but follow dogmatic ethical guidelines from someone else
Religious-highest level of freedom, personal relationship with God
What is a conviction?
A belief thought to correspond to an absolute truth
Nietzsche thinks they are dangerous
What is the enlightenment
Thinkers thought that through scientific method, knowledge could be achieved that could better mankind
Existentialism
Emphasizes free will and uniqueness, like romanticism
Nietzsche believed what about life’s meaning
We must determine for ourselves
Perspectivism
Nietzsche: There are no truths, only perspectives
Romanticism
Uniqueness and irrationality are valued
live according to impulses
Rousseau
Humans in chains Should be left free Governed only by general will Impulses are moral Noble savage
What does Schopenhauer claim accounts for human behaviour
will to survive
endless cycle of meeting needs
Schopenhauer on purpose of life
Just delayed death
We can try to gain insight into existence
What is the effect of intelligence (Schopenhauer)
Intelligence causes more suffering, but also allows us to attempt rise above
How can we rise above Schopenhauer’s suffering?
Pursue phenomenal pleasures that cannot be frustrated (like art) and be a reluctant servant to physical needs like food and sex
Will to power
Human need to overcome one’s self repeatedly
Leads to superman
Absolute threshold
absolute minimum stimulation that can be detected by an organism
Charles Bell
Differentiated between sensory and motor nerves
Broca’s clinical method
Determine behaviour disorder, once patient is dead, discover what caused it in brain
Fechner
Expanded Weber’s law, showing for jnd to vary arithmetically, magnitude must vary geometrically
Formal discipline
Theory that faculties of mind can be strengthened through math or logic
Gall
Phrenology
Unconscious inference
Helmholtz’s explanation of how we use experience to perceive things like parallel convergence and moving pictures
Who measured rate of nerve conduction
helmholtz
What was the young-Helmholtz theory of colour vision
three specific colour receptors
resonance place theory of auditory perception (who and what)
Helmholtz, different hairs in ear respond to different frequencies
Method of adjustment
Observer adjusts variable stimulus until it appears to equal standard
Method of constant stimuli
Various intensities are compared by observer to standard
Method of limits
Various intensities provided alongside standard to determine range of intensities appearing the same as standard
Negative sensations
sensations below absolute threshold
Panpsychism
Belief that everything has consciousness
