Chapter 7-8 Flashcards

1
Q

Kant’s nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed:

A

physiological mechanisms

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2
Q

The statement “Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains” is associated with

A

Rousseau

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3
Q

According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:

a. return to nature
b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith
c. live a life based on rational principles
d. seek pleasure and avoid pain

A

b. embrace God and take God’s existence on faith

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4
Q

According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the:

a. rational powers
b. ideas that were derived from experience
c. apperceptive mass
d. total person

A

d. total person

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5
Q

For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were):

a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations
b. religious principles
c. the categorical imperative
d. rationally derived moral principles

A

a. a person’s honest feelings and inclinations

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6
Q

According to Rousseau, for a government to be effective it must be based on:

A

General Will

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7
Q

Kierkegaard’s stages for development of human freedom

A

aesthetic-ethical-religious

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8
Q

What characterized Rousseau’s utopian society?

A

Surrender of masses to general will

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9
Q

Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as

A

the postponement of death

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10
Q

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected:

A

controlled passion

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11
Q

The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. irrational feelings
b. intuitions
c. instincts
d. logistics

A

d. logistics

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12
Q

Those before Helmholtz who believed in animal spirits, or a vital force, believed that:

a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible
b. measuring the speed of nerve conduction may be possible in the future when better technology becomes available
c. science could not be applied in any way to studying nerve conduction
d. life could be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical processes alone

A

a. measuring the speed of nerve conduction was impossible

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13
Q

Define the three stages of Kierkegaard

A

aesthetic-hedonistic, bored and despairing, don’t recognize their freedom
Ethical-accept responsibility for their choices, but follow dogmatic ethical guidelines from someone else
Religious-highest level of freedom, personal relationship with God

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14
Q

What is a conviction?

A

A belief thought to correspond to an absolute truth

Nietzsche thinks they are dangerous

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15
Q

What is the enlightenment

A

Thinkers thought that through scientific method, knowledge could be achieved that could better mankind

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16
Q

Existentialism

A

Emphasizes free will and uniqueness, like romanticism

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17
Q

Nietzsche believed what about life’s meaning

A

We must determine for ourselves

18
Q

Perspectivism

A

Nietzsche: There are no truths, only perspectives

19
Q

Romanticism

A

Uniqueness and irrationality are valued

live according to impulses

20
Q

Rousseau

A
Humans in chains
Should be left free
Governed only by general will
Impulses are moral
Noble savage
21
Q

What does Schopenhauer claim accounts for human behaviour

A

will to survive

endless cycle of meeting needs

22
Q

Schopenhauer on purpose of life

A

Just delayed death

We can try to gain insight into existence

23
Q

What is the effect of intelligence (Schopenhauer)

A

Intelligence causes more suffering, but also allows us to attempt rise above

24
Q

How can we rise above Schopenhauer’s suffering?

A

Pursue phenomenal pleasures that cannot be frustrated (like art) and be a reluctant servant to physical needs like food and sex

25
Q

Will to power

A

Human need to overcome one’s self repeatedly

Leads to superman

26
Q

Absolute threshold

A

absolute minimum stimulation that can be detected by an organism

27
Q

Charles Bell

A

Differentiated between sensory and motor nerves

28
Q

Broca’s clinical method

A

Determine behaviour disorder, once patient is dead, discover what caused it in brain

29
Q

Fechner

A

Expanded Weber’s law, showing for jnd to vary arithmetically, magnitude must vary geometrically

30
Q

Formal discipline

A

Theory that faculties of mind can be strengthened through math or logic

31
Q

Gall

A

Phrenology

32
Q

Unconscious inference

A

Helmholtz’s explanation of how we use experience to perceive things like parallel convergence and moving pictures

33
Q

Who measured rate of nerve conduction

A

helmholtz

34
Q

What was the young-Helmholtz theory of colour vision

A

three specific colour receptors

35
Q

resonance place theory of auditory perception (who and what)

A

Helmholtz, different hairs in ear respond to different frequencies

36
Q

Method of adjustment

A

Observer adjusts variable stimulus until it appears to equal standard

37
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

Various intensities are compared by observer to standard

38
Q

Method of limits

A

Various intensities provided alongside standard to determine range of intensities appearing the same as standard

39
Q

Negative sensations

A

sensations below absolute threshold

40
Q

Panpsychism

A

Belief that everything has consciousness