Chapter 1-2 Flashcards
Mind that interprets, transforms, assumed by rationalists
Active Mind
Persistent observation unexplained by current pardigm
Anomoly
Determinism stressing biochemical, genetic, physiological causes of behaviour
Biological determinism
Belief that laws/theories can accurately mirror physical events
Correspondence theory of truth
Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called
postdiction
According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is
multiparadigmatic science
The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using
causal laws
Presentism assumes that
the present state of a discipline is its best, most fully developed state
A scientific theory has several functions. Which of the following is not a function of scientific theory?
a. organize empirical observations
b. generate confirmable propositions
c. act as a guide for future observations
d. guide the scientist in rational descriptions
d. guide the scientist in rational descriptions
A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a
indeterminist
As discussed in the book, there are several reasons to study the history of psychology. Which of the following is not one of those discussed in the book?
a. to provide new perspectives and deeper understanding of concepts and ideas
b. recognition of fads and fashions in psychology
c. to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history
d. to avoid repetition of mistakes
c. to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history
What important epistemological question was raised by Heraclitus’ philosophy?
How can something be known if it is constantly changing
According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience
imagination
Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when
eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood
According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in
ignorance or, at best, opinion
Plato’s philosophy ____ the development of science
a. enhanced
b. inhibited
c. caused
d. prevented
b. inhibited
According to the Sophists, what is it that determines whether an idea is accepted?
how effectively the idea is communicated
Which of the following was not believed by the Pythagoreans?
a. illness resulted from a disruption of the harmonious blending of bodily elements
b. numbers and numerical relationships were real and exerted an influence on the empirical world
c. nothing in the empirical world is perfect
d. when the body dies so does the soul
d. when the body dies so does the soul
The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a
physis
For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____.
sensory systems of the body; brain
Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a:
nihilist
Contention that mind processes emerge from brain processes, and can then influence brain activity
Emergentism
Form of emergentism claiming mental processes are behaviourally irrelevant
Epiphenomenalism
Who argues science cannot be described by set of rules/standards? What is required for scientific progress?
Feyerbend Paul
Violation
Historicism
Study of past for its own sake
Presentism
Interpreting past in terms of contemporary knowledge/standards
Historiography
Study of right way to write history
Indeterminism (Definition and alternate name)
World is determined, but causes can not be known with certainty. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Explaining human behaviour with determinants that are not under rational control
Irrationalism
Stages of scientific development
Preparadigmatic
Paradigmatic
Revolutionary
(Who) What is considered science is subjectively determined by the paradigm. Scienctific paradigms have stages.
Kuhn, Thomas
Highest aspiration of scientific study (Popper)
Not yet disconfirmed (cannot find absolute truth)
Three stages of scientific method (Popper)
Problems, theories, refutaions
Naïve realism
What you experience is what is present physically
Occasionalism
Mind-body mediated by God
Preestablished harmony
Mind and body separate but correlate because were designed to run similar courses
(Who/What)Principle of falsifiability
Popper: to be scientific, must be risky proposition (if prediction fails, theory falls apart)
Psychophysical parallelism
Physical experience causes body and mental activity, which are independent of one another
Belief in universal truths
Universalism
Animism vs anthropomorphism
Attributing life to all things vs attributing human characteristics to all things
Physis for each philosopher: Thales Anaximander Heraclitus Parmenides Pythagoras Democritus Hippocrates/Empedocles Anaxagoras
Water Boundless Fire One/changelessness Numbers Atom Water/Earth/fire/air Infinite elements
Empedocles’ forces (2)
Love (brings together)
Strife (pulls apart)
Sophist view of truth
Many valid truths, subjective and dependent on how well they were communicated
(Who/What) faculty of soul seeking essences. Immortal part of soul
Aristotle: Active reason
Anaxagoras:
What element/s
How is object’s identity determined
What about the mind?
Infinite elements, everything contains all of them except mind
Identity determined by what predominates
Mind combines with others to create life
Anaximander (sounds like animal)
What element/s
What theoretical contribution
Boundless is physis
Formed an early theory of evolution
(Fish came from water, people emerged from fish)
Aristotle
How is knowledge achieved
What is nature of everything
Knowledge derived from sensory info and common sense
Everything has purpose
Unmoved mover
Aristotle’s God
Everything has a purpose
Entelechy
Becoming (who)
Heraclitus
common sense (aristotle)
synthesizes 5 senses
Atoms are physis
First materialist
Democritus
Aristotle's causes Material Formal Efficient Final
Material make-up
Form/pattern of an object
Force transforming matter into form
Purpose
Hierarchy of souls
vegetative: plants
sensitive: animals, not plants
rational: humans
replications of objects allowing them to be perceived
eidola
Empedocles
4 elements
2 forces
first theory of perception (through pores to heart)
natural selection theory of evolution
Fire physis
Everything changing, becoming
Heraclitus
Father of modern medicine
Hippocrates
No change or movement (who/opposite to whom)
Parmenides/opposite to heraclitus
Plato vs aristotle
Sensory experience is in the way vs sensory experience provides material for rational thought
Protagoras
Sophist
Man is measure of all things
Pythagoras
Mind/Body
dualistic
Immortal soul
world formed by mathematical relationships
Who exemplified reductionism?
Democritus
