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History of Psychology > Chapter 1-2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mind that interprets, transforms, assumed by rationalists

A

Active Mind

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2
Q

Persistent observation unexplained by current pardigm

A

Anomoly

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3
Q

Determinism stressing biochemical, genetic, physiological causes of behaviour

A

Biological determinism

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4
Q

Belief that laws/theories can accurately mirror physical events

A

Correspondence theory of truth

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5
Q

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called

A

postdiction

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6
Q

According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is

A

multiparadigmatic science

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7
Q

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using

A

causal laws

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8
Q

Presentism assumes that

A

the present state of a discipline is its best, most fully developed state

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9
Q

A scientific theory has several functions. Which of the following is not a function of scientific theory?

a. organize empirical observations
b. generate confirmable propositions
c. act as a guide for future observations
d. guide the scientist in rational descriptions

A

d. guide the scientist in rational descriptions

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10
Q

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a

A

indeterminist

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11
Q

As discussed in the book, there are several reasons to study the history of psychology. Which of the following is not one of those discussed in the book?

a. to provide new perspectives and deeper understanding of concepts and ideas
b. recognition of fads and fashions in psychology
c. to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history
d. to avoid repetition of mistakes

A

c. to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history

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12
Q

What important epistemological question was raised by Heraclitus’ philosophy?

A

How can something be known if it is constantly changing

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13
Q

According to Aristotle, ____ was explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience

A

imagination

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14
Q

Empedocles assumed that perception resulted when

A

eidola entered the pores of the body and mixed with elements found in the blood

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15
Q

According to Plato, direct examination of the empirical world via sensory experience resulted in

A

ignorance or, at best, opinion

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16
Q

Plato’s philosophy ____ the development of science

a. enhanced
b. inhibited
c. caused
d. prevented

A

b. inhibited

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17
Q

According to the Sophists, what is it that determines whether an idea is accepted?

A

how effectively the idea is communicated

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18
Q

Which of the following was not believed by the Pythagoreans?

a. illness resulted from a disruption of the harmonious blending of bodily elements
b. numbers and numerical relationships were real and exerted an influence on the empirical world
c. nothing in the empirical world is perfect
d. when the body dies so does the soul

A

d. when the body dies so does the soul

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19
Q

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything else is derived as a

A

physis

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20
Q

For Democritus, perception occurred when atoms emanating from the surface of objects entered the ____ and were transmitted to the ____.

A

sensory systems of the body; brain

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21
Q

Because Gorgias believed that there is no objective way of establishing truth, he was a:

A

nihilist

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22
Q

Contention that mind processes emerge from brain processes, and can then influence brain activity

A

Emergentism

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23
Q

Form of emergentism claiming mental processes are behaviourally irrelevant

A

Epiphenomenalism

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24
Q

Who argues science cannot be described by set of rules/standards? What is required for scientific progress?

A

Feyerbend Paul

Violation

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25
Q

Historicism

A

Study of past for its own sake

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26
Q

Presentism

A

Interpreting past in terms of contemporary knowledge/standards

27
Q

Historiography

A

Study of right way to write history

28
Q

Indeterminism (Definition and alternate name)

A

World is determined, but causes can not be known with certainty. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle

29
Q

Explaining human behaviour with determinants that are not under rational control

A

Irrationalism

30
Q

Stages of scientific development

A

Preparadigmatic
Paradigmatic
Revolutionary

31
Q

(Who) What is considered science is subjectively determined by the paradigm. Scienctific paradigms have stages.

A

Kuhn, Thomas

32
Q

Highest aspiration of scientific study (Popper)

A

Not yet disconfirmed (cannot find absolute truth)

33
Q

Three stages of scientific method (Popper)

A

Problems, theories, refutaions

34
Q

Naïve realism

A

What you experience is what is present physically

35
Q

Occasionalism

A

Mind-body mediated by God

36
Q

Preestablished harmony

A

Mind and body separate but correlate because were designed to run similar courses

37
Q

(Who/What)Principle of falsifiability

A

Popper: to be scientific, must be risky proposition (if prediction fails, theory falls apart)

38
Q

Psychophysical parallelism

A

Physical experience causes body and mental activity, which are independent of one another

39
Q

Belief in universal truths

A

Universalism

40
Q

Animism vs anthropomorphism

A

Attributing life to all things vs attributing human characteristics to all things

41
Q 
Physis for each philosopher:
Thales
Anaximander
Heraclitus
Parmenides
Pythagoras
Democritus
Hippocrates/Empedocles
Anaxagoras
A 
Water
Boundless
Fire
One/changelessness
Numbers
Atom
Water/Earth/fire/air
Infinite elements
42
Q

Empedocles’ forces (2)

A

Love (brings together)

Strife (pulls apart)

43
Q

Sophist view of truth

A

Many valid truths, subjective and dependent on how well they were communicated

44
Q

(Who/What) faculty of soul seeking essences. Immortal part of soul

A

Aristotle: Active reason

45
Q

Anaxagoras:
What element/s
How is object’s identity determined
What about the mind?

A

Infinite elements, everything contains all of them except mind
Identity determined by what predominates
Mind combines with others to create life

46
Q

Anaximander (sounds like animal)
What element/s
What theoretical contribution

A

Boundless is physis
Formed an early theory of evolution
(Fish came from water, people emerged from fish)

47
Q

Aristotle
How is knowledge achieved
What is nature of everything

A

Knowledge derived from sensory info and common sense

Everything has purpose

48
Q

Unmoved mover

A

Aristotle’s God

49
Q

Everything has a purpose

A

Entelechy

50
Q

Becoming (who)

A

Heraclitus

51
Q

common sense (aristotle)

A

synthesizes 5 senses

52
Q

Atoms are physis

First materialist

A

Democritus

53
Q 
Aristotle's causes
Material
Formal
Efficient
Final
A

Material make-up
Form/pattern of an object
Force transforming matter into form
Purpose

54
Q

Hierarchy of souls

A

vegetative: plants
sensitive: animals, not plants
rational: humans

55
Q

replications of objects allowing them to be perceived

A

eidola

56
Q

Empedocles

A

4 elements
2 forces
first theory of perception (through pores to heart)
natural selection theory of evolution

57
Q

Fire physis

Everything changing, becoming

A

Heraclitus

58
Q

Father of modern medicine

A

Hippocrates

59
Q

No change or movement (who/opposite to whom)

A

Parmenides/opposite to heraclitus

60
Q

Plato vs aristotle

A

Sensory experience is in the way vs sensory experience provides material for rational thought

61
Q

Protagoras

A

Sophist

Man is measure of all things

62
Q

Pythagoras

Mind/Body

A

dualistic
Immortal soul
world formed by mathematical relationships

63
Q

Who exemplified reductionism?

A

Democritus

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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