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History of Psychology > Chapter 13-14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Logical positivism divides science into what two parts?

A

empirical and theoretical

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2
Q

Who named logical positivism and brought it to usa’s attention?

A

Herbert Feigl

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3
Q

Operationism

A

Insistence that all theoretical terms be tied to observable phenomenon through operationalization

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4
Q

Physicalism is hand-in-hand with what movement?

A

unity of science movement to unify vocabulary

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5
Q

Behaviourism and logical positivism combined into what?

A

Neobehaviourism

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6
Q

Why did neobehaviourism emphasize the use of animals? (2)

A

Easier to control relevant variables

Can be generalized to humans

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7
Q

What did Tolman call Watson’s theory?

A

Twitchism

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8
Q

Molecular behaviour

A

Watson’s break-down of complex behaviour into s-r reflexes

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9
Q

What was Tolman’s strain of behaviourism?

A

Purposive (Molar)

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10
Q

Tolman’s approach (diagram)

A

Independent –> Intervening –> Dependent

Event –> Theoretical constructs of mind –> Behaviour

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11
Q

Tolman’s process of rat learning maze

A

Rat forms hypothesis
Ponders alternatives (vicarious trial-and-error)
Forms expectation
Expectation becomes belief
This forms cognitive map of possibilities

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12
Q

Performance (Tolman)

A

Converting learning to behaviour, depends on motivation

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13
Q

Guthrie’s one law of learning

A

Aristotle’s law of contiguity (which resembles Watsons recency principle)

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14
Q

“What is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done”

A

Guthrie’s law of contiguity

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15
Q

Guthrie’s explanation of practice and learning

A

Movement is learned fully after one trial
Practice creates many similar movements to similar stimuli
Many similar movements create an act
Many acts create a skill

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16
Q

reinforcement is merely a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning (who?)

A

Guthrie

17
Q

Guthrie on habits

A

acts that are associated with many stimuli

Must perform something else in presence of stimuli so habit is replaced

18
Q

How does Guthrie explain “intentional behaviour”

A

Simply performed in response to “maintaining stimuli” like hunger or a loud noise

19
Q

Respondent behaviour

A

Watson and the Russian scientists, and their S-R psychology

20
Q

What did Thorndike call his type of learning, and what did Skinner call it?

A

Instrumental learning

Operant behaviour

21
Q

What is the importance of the environment for skinner?

A

It SELECTS behaviour rather than elicit

22
Q

What is a term to address the antitheoretical nature of Skinner’s behaviourism

A

descriptive behaviourism

23
Q

Why did logical positivism fail?

A

Because it did not accurately describe how its practitioners practiced science

24
Q

Upon what did Kant and the Gestaltists agree?

A

Mind adds to sensation

big difference between sensation and perception

25
Q

Aristotelian view vs Galilean

A

Inner essence vs external forces and laws

26
Q

Life space

A

All the influences acting on an individual

27
Q

What are influences called to Lewin?

A

Psychological facts

28
Q

Principle of contemporaneity

A

Only facts currently in someone’s life space influence thinking

29
Q

Psychological needs are called what by Lewin

A

quasi-needs

30
Q

Zeigarnik effect

A

Uncompleted tasks remembered better than completed ones because they still exist as needs that create tension

31
Q

Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called

A

holists

32
Q

By rejecting the constancy hypothesis, Gestaltists:

A

both rejected the empirical philosophy on which structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism was based and instead used field theory in analyzing brain functioning

33
Q

According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism’s natural growth tendencies

A

Galileo

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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