Chapter 13-14 Flashcards
Logical positivism divides science into what two parts?
empirical and theoretical
Who named logical positivism and brought it to usa’s attention?
Herbert Feigl
Operationism
Insistence that all theoretical terms be tied to observable phenomenon through operationalization
Physicalism is hand-in-hand with what movement?
unity of science movement to unify vocabulary
Behaviourism and logical positivism combined into what?
Neobehaviourism
Why did neobehaviourism emphasize the use of animals? (2)
Easier to control relevant variables
Can be generalized to humans
What did Tolman call Watson’s theory?
Twitchism
Molecular behaviour
Watson’s break-down of complex behaviour into s-r reflexes
What was Tolman’s strain of behaviourism?
Purposive (Molar)
Tolman’s approach (diagram)
Independent –> Intervening –> Dependent
Event –> Theoretical constructs of mind –> Behaviour
Tolman’s process of rat learning maze
Rat forms hypothesis
Ponders alternatives (vicarious trial-and-error)
Forms expectation
Expectation becomes belief
This forms cognitive map of possibilities
Performance (Tolman)
Converting learning to behaviour, depends on motivation
Guthrie’s one law of learning
Aristotle’s law of contiguity (which resembles Watsons recency principle)
“What is being noticed becomes a signal for what is being done”
Guthrie’s law of contiguity
Guthrie’s explanation of practice and learning
Movement is learned fully after one trial
Practice creates many similar movements to similar stimuli
Many similar movements create an act
Many acts create a skill
reinforcement is merely a mechanical arrangement that prevents unlearning (who?)
Guthrie
Guthrie on habits
acts that are associated with many stimuli
Must perform something else in presence of stimuli so habit is replaced
How does Guthrie explain “intentional behaviour”
Simply performed in response to “maintaining stimuli” like hunger or a loud noise
Respondent behaviour
Watson and the Russian scientists, and their S-R psychology
What did Thorndike call his type of learning, and what did Skinner call it?
Instrumental learning
Operant behaviour
What is the importance of the environment for skinner?
It SELECTS behaviour rather than elicit
What is a term to address the antitheoretical nature of Skinner’s behaviourism
descriptive behaviourism
Why did logical positivism fail?
Because it did not accurately describe how its practitioners practiced science
Upon what did Kant and the Gestaltists agree?
Mind adds to sensation
big difference between sensation and perception
Aristotelian view vs Galilean
Inner essence vs external forces and laws
Life space
All the influences acting on an individual
What are influences called to Lewin?
Psychological facts
Principle of contemporaneity
Only facts currently in someone’s life space influence thinking
Psychological needs are called what by Lewin
quasi-needs
Zeigarnik effect
Uncompleted tasks remembered better than completed ones because they still exist as needs that create tension
Those who take the molar approach to studying behavior and/or psychological phenomena are called
holists
By rejecting the constancy hypothesis, Gestaltists:
both rejected the empirical philosophy on which structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism was based and instead used field theory in analyzing brain functioning
According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism’s natural growth tendencies
Galileo
