Chapter 5-6 Flashcards
Founder of British empiricism
Thomas hobbes
Thomas followed in the footsteps of ____ and ____, but rejected the _____ method
Occam and Bacon, Inductive
Thomas on Mind/Body (2)
Materialist, mechanist
Hobbes on Motivation
Hedonistic theory
Summary of Hobbes
Mechanist, Materialist, Determinist, Empiricist, Hedonist
Attacked church by attacking innate ideas
John Locke
What is an idea to Locke and whence does it come?
Mental image, comes from sensation or reflection
Locke on emotions
All derived from pleasure and pain
What does the paradox of the basins show?
Temperature is a secondary quality
Locke vs Galileo on primary/secondary quality
Locke thought both were equally valuable
What does Locke use to explain Faulty beliefs?
Associationism
Locke on education
Nurture more important than nature
Approached behaviourism
Berkeley on Materialism
Things only come to exist as they are perceived
No matter, no materialism
What did Berkeley believe about primary/secondary qualities?
All qualities are secondary
How is distance perception understood by berkeley
Distance perception is formed by associationism
JS Mill on Associationism
How did he differ from his father?
Proposed mental chemistry as opposed to physics
Sensations/ideas can be combined into something completely different
(JS Mill) Primary vs Secondary mental states
Sensations vs the weaker impressions left behind (ideas)
(JS Mill’s)Contribution to psychology
Demonstrated psychology can be studied scientifically, though inexactly
What was J S Mills proposed field of study?
Ethology, the study of character development
Why did ethology fail?
J S Mill didn’t address emotions
Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as
demonstrative knowledge
La Mettrie believed that:
a. humans were morally superior to nonhuman animals
b. religion had done much to improve the human condition
c. atheism had done much to worsen the human condition
d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world
d. accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world
Of Locke’s beliefs concerning the mind, which one is not true?
a. the mind neither creates nor destroys ideas
b. the mind can arrange existing ideas in an almost infinite number of configurations
c. the mind clarifies innate ideas
d. the mind combines simple ideas into complex ideas
c. the mind clarifies innate ideas
Comte used the term sociology to describe:
the study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development
All of the following were goals of the British empiricists and the French sensationalists except
a. to explain the mind as Newton had explained the physical world
b. to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior
c. to minimize or eliminate metaphysical speculation while explaining human psychology
d. to explain mental events in mechanistic terms
b. to show that metaphysical speculation could not be abandoned when attempting to explain human behavior
Hume’s goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature
empirical philosophy; Newtonian science
Comte and Mach had in common the belief that:
metaphysical speculation must be avoided
For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are:
publicly observable
According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person’s arm
Malebranche
The clearest distinction between rationalism and empiricism can be made with regard to the acceptance or rejection of
sensory information
Who says “everything that is must necessarily be “
Spinoza
For Leibniz, sensory experience was important because it
allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized
How did Mettrie explain physical world affecting brain?
Sensations and thoughts must be matter/motion
Materialism
According to Mettrie, how do humans and animals differ?
Only by degree. Both are machinistic
Mettrie’s view of God
World would be a better place if everyone accepted materialism and atheism
According to Comte, what can we be sure of?
Only what is publicly observable
What are society’s three stages and who came up with the idea?
theological, metaphysical, and scientific
Comte
What were Comte’s two methods for studying the mind?
Phrenology and Behaviour
How did Mach disagree with Comte?
Agreed with Hume and Berkeley that world could only be known through sensations, though agreed with Comte that should only be concerned with what is knowable with certainty
(who) the absolute
hegel
Anthropology (who/what)
Kant: Study of human behaviour
Common sense philosophy
Reid: assume existence of physical world and human reasoning because it makes sense to do so
direct realism
naïve realism
Double Aspectism
Spinoza: All things are thinking matter
How did hegel conceptualize Spinoza’s interrelated unity?
The interrelated nature of universe is the Absolute
Herbart’s ideas about ideas
Ideas have energy and consciousness of their own, strive for consciousness in mind
Kant’s ideas on thought and psych
Innate categories of thought
Psych isn’t mathematic and therefore not scientific
Law of Continuity
Leibniz: No leaps or gaps in space and time
small gradations of movement
