Chapter 7 Flashcards
Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. Always backed by sanctions
Norms
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society. Relative to cultures
Deviance
A subculture whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority
Deviant subculture
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior
Sanction
Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power
Laws
The result of any action that contravenes th laws established by a political authority
Crime
Refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
Anomie
Deprivation a person feels by comparing himself with a group
Relative deprivation
An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
Differential association
An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become “deviant” because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others
Labeling theory
The actions that cause others to label one as a deviant
Primary deviation
Following the act of a primary deviation, occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly
Secondary deviation
The argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature
Conflict theory
The theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it
Control theory
Criminal activities carried out by those in white-collar, or professional, jobs
White-collar crime
