Chapter 4

Question 1

The social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

Answer 1

Socialization

Question 2

The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives

Answer 2

Life course

Question 3

The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time

Answer 3

Social reproduction

Question 4

Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place

Answer 4

Agents of socialization

Question 5

The process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world

Answer 5

Resocialization

Question 6

The process whereby we learn about a social role in advance

Answer 6

Anticipatory socialization

Question 7

Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included in the formal curriculum—for example, gender differences

Answer 7

Hidden curriculum

Question 8

A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status

Answer 8

Peer group

Question 9

The system found in small traditional cultures by which people belonging to a similar age group are categorized together and hold similar rights and obligations

Answer 9

Age-grade

Question 10

Forms of communication designed to reach mass audiences

Answer 10

Mass media

Question 11

Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position

Answer 11

Social roles

Question 12

The distinctive characteristics of a person’s character that relate to who he is and what is meaningful to him. Some sources include gender, sexual orientation, nationality/ethnicity, social class

Answer 12

Identity

Question 13

The characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others

Answer 13

Social identity

Question 14

A single identity or status that overpowers all the other identities one holds

Answer 14

Master status

Question 15

The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us

Answer 15

Self-identity

Question 16

Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering

Answer 16

Cognition

Question 17

The basis of self-consciousness in human individuals, according to the theory of Mead. The social self is the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others

Answer 17

Social self

Question 18

Awareness of one’s distinct social identity as a person separate from others

Answer 18

Self-consciousness

Question 19

A concept in the theory of Mead, according to which the individual comes to understand the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process

Answer 19

Generalized other

Question 20

According to Cooley’s theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves

Answer 20

Looking-glass self

Question 21

According to Piaget, a stage of human cognitive development in which a child’s awareness of his environment is dominated by perception and touch

Answer 21

Sensorimotor stage

Question 22

A stage of cognitive development in which the child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logical thought

Answer 22

Preoperational stage

Question 23

Understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of one’s own position

Answer 23

Egocentric

Question 24

A stage of cognitive development in which the child’s thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world. The child is not yet capable of dealing with abstract concepts or hypothetical situations

Answer 24

Concrete operational stage

Question 25

A stage of cognitive at which the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations

Answer 25

Formal operational stage

Question 26

The specific verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race

Answer 26

Race socialization

Question 27

The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, th media, and family

Answer 27

Gender role socialization

Question 28

Social roles assigned to each sex and labeled as masculine or feminine

Answer 28

Gender role