Chapter 19

Question 1

The study of populations

Answer 1

Demography

Question 2

Statistical measures representing the number of births within a given population per year, normally calculated in terms of the number of births per 1,000 members

Answer 2

Crude birthrates

Question 3

The average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society

Answer 3

Fertility

Question 4

A measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce

Answer 4

Fecundity

Question 5

Statistical measures representing the number of deaths that occur annually in a given population, normally calculated as the ratio of deaths per 1,000 members

Answer 5

Crude death rates

Question 6

The number of deaths in a population

Answer 6

Mortality

Question 7

The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per 1,000 live births

Answer 7

Infant mortality rate

Question 8

The number of years the average person can expect to live

Answer 8

Life expectancy

Question 9

The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species

Answer 9

Life span

Question 10

A measurement of population change calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per 1,000 from the number of births per 1,000

Answer 10

Rates of population growth or decline

Question 11

A geometric, rather than linear, rate of progression; producing a fast rise in the numbers of a population experiencing such growth

Answer 11

Exponential

Question 12

The time it takes for a particular level of population to double

Answer 12

Doubling time

Question 13

An interpretation of population change that holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached

Answer 13

Demographic transition

Question 14

A new demographic model that calls for fertility rates that may continue to fall because of shifts in family structure

Answer 14

Second demographic transition

Question 15

The ratio of people of dependent ages (children and elderly) to people of economically active ages

Answer 15

Dependency ratio

Question 16

The movement of the population into towns and cities and away from the land

Answer 16

Urbanization

Question 17

A perspective emphasizing the “natural” distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics

Answer 17

Ecological approach

Question 18

The areas composing the central neighborhoods of a city, as distinct from the suburbs

Answer 18

Inner city

Question 19

An approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. Various neighborhoods and zones within cities are formed as a result of natural processes of adjustment on the part of populations as they compete for resources

Answer 19

Urban ecology

Question 20

A term to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality

Answer 20

Urbanism

Question 21

An environment made up of constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of man-made technology, including roads, railways, factories

Answer 21

Created environment

Question 22

A concept to refer to processes of urban consumption such as buying and selling of property

Answer 22

Collective consumption

Question 23

A city, such as London, New York, or Tokyo that has become an organizing center of the new global economy

Answer 23

Global city

Question 24

An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment

Answer 24

Conurbation

Question 25

The “city of all cities” in Ancient Greece, used in modern times to refer to very large conurbations

Answer 25

Megalopolis

Question 26

A term to describe large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy

Answer 26

Mega cities

Question 27

A phenomenon in which many rural areas have disproportionately high numbers of older adults because young persons seek opportunities elsewhere and leave older persons behind

Answer 27

aging in place

Question 28

The development of suburbia; area of housing outside inner cities

Answer 28

Suburbanization

Question 29

A process in which older, deteriorated housing and other buildings are renovated as more affluent groups move into an area

Answer 29

Gentrification

Question 30

The process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by using public funds to renew old buildings and construct new ones, often through large scale demolition of slum housing

Answer 30

Urban renewal (redevelopment)

Question 31

The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment

Answer 31

Environmental ecology

Question 32

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Answer 32

Sustainable development

Question 33

A term used to denote the current geological epoch, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities

Answer 33

Anthropocene

Question 34

A doctrine about population dynamics according to which population increase comes up against “natural limits” represented by famine and war

Answer 34

Malthusianism