Chapter 19 Flashcards
The study of populations
Demography
Statistical measures representing the number of births within a given population per year, normally calculated in terms of the number of births per 1,000 members
Crude birthrates
The average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society
Fertility
A measure of the number of children that it is biologically possible for a woman to produce
Fecundity
Statistical measures representing the number of deaths that occur annually in a given population, normally calculated as the ratio of deaths per 1,000 members
Crude death rates
The number of deaths in a population
Mortality
The number of infants who die during the first year of life, per 1,000 live births
Infant mortality rate
The number of years the average person can expect to live
Life expectancy
The maximum length of life that is biologically possible for a member of a given species
Life span
A measurement of population change calculated by subtracting the yearly number of deaths per 1,000 from the number of births per 1,000
Rates of population growth or decline
A geometric, rather than linear, rate of progression; producing a fast rise in the numbers of a population experiencing such growth
Exponential
The time it takes for a particular level of population to double
Doubling time
An interpretation of population change that holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached
Demographic transition
A new demographic model that calls for fertility rates that may continue to fall because of shifts in family structure
Second demographic transition
The ratio of people of dependent ages (children and elderly) to people of economically active ages
Dependency ratio
The movement of the population into towns and cities and away from the land
Urbanization
A perspective emphasizing the “natural” distribution of city neighborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics
Ecological approach
The areas composing the central neighborhoods of a city, as distinct from the suburbs
Inner city
An approach to the study of urban life based on an analogy with the adjustment of plants and organisms to the physical environment. Various neighborhoods and zones within cities are formed as a result of natural processes of adjustment on the part of populations as they compete for resources
Urban ecology
A term to denote distinctive characteristics of urban social life, such as its impersonality
Urbanism
An environment made up of constructions established by human beings to serve their needs, derived from the use of man-made technology, including roads, railways, factories
Created environment
A concept to refer to processes of urban consumption such as buying and selling of property
Collective consumption
A city, such as London, New York, or Tokyo that has become an organizing center of the new global economy
Global city
An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment
Conurbation
The “city of all cities” in Ancient Greece, used in modern times to refer to very large conurbations
Megalopolis
A term to describe large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy
Mega cities
A phenomenon in which many rural areas have disproportionately high numbers of older adults because young persons seek opportunities elsewhere and leave older persons behind
aging in place
The development of suburbia; area of housing outside inner cities
Suburbanization
A process in which older, deteriorated housing and other buildings are renovated as more affluent groups move into an area
Gentrification
The process of renovating deteriorating neighborhoods by using public funds to renew old buildings and construct new ones, often through large scale demolition of slum housing
Urban renewal (redevelopment)
The scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment
Environmental ecology
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Sustainable development
A term used to denote the current geological epoch, in which many geologically significant conditions and processes are profoundly altered by human activities
Anthropocene
A doctrine about population dynamics according to which population increase comes up against “natural limits” represented by famine and war
Malthusianism
