Chapter 3

Question 1

The values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. One of the most distinctive properties of human social association

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups

Answer 2

Society

Question 3

Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures

Answer 3

Cultural universals

Question 4

A socially approved sexual relationship between two individuals

Answer 4

Marriage

Question 5

Cultural ideas that are not themselves physical objects

Answer 5

Nonmaterial culture

Question 6

The physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live

Answer 6

Material culture

Question 7

Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad

Answer 7

Values

Question 8

Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. Either prescribed a given type of behavior or forbids it. These are always backed by sanctions of one kind or another, varying from informal disapproval to physical punishment

Answer 8

Norms

Question 9

Any vehicle of meaning and communication

Answer 9

Signifier

Question 10

The study of the ways in which non linguistic phenomena can generate meaning

Answer 10

Semiotics

Question 11

The primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society, it is a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts

Answer 11

Language

Question 12

A hypothesis, based on the theories of Sapir and Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language

Answer 12

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 13

Sociolgy’s recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life

Answer 13

Cultural turn

Question 14

Societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from hunting animals, fishing, and gathering edible plants

Answer 14

Hunting and gathering societies

Question 15

Societies whose subsistence derived from the rearing of domesticated animals

Answer 15

Pastoral societies

Question 16

Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production

Answer 16

Agrarian societies

Question 17

The process of the machine production of goods

Answer 17

Industrialization

Question 18

Strongly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population works in factories or offices rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas

Answer 18

Industrialized societies

Question 19

Particular types of states, characteristic of the modern world, in which governments have sovereign power within defined territorial areas, and populations are citizens who know themselves to be part of single nations

Answer 19

Nation-states

Question 20

The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Answer 20

Colonialism

Question 21

The accumulated cultural knowledge within a society that confers power and status

Answer 21

Cultural capital

Question 22

Developing countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base

Answer 22

Emerging economies

Question 23

When members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group’s culture

Answer 23

Cultural appropriation

Question 24

Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a larger society

Answer 24

Subcultures

Question 25

Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority

Answer 25

Counterculture

Question 26

The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

Answer 26

Assimilation

Question 27

A condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

Answer 27

Multiculturalism

Question 28

The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s own culture, and thereby misrepresent them

Answer 28

Ethnocentrism

Question 29

The practice of judging a society by its own standards

Answer 29

Cultural relativism

Question 30

An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles

Answer 30

Sociobiology

Question 31

Fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins and that appear in all normal animals within a given species

Answer 31

Instincts

Question 32

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community

Answer 32

Nationalism

Question 33

The idea, introduced by Ogburn, that changes in cultural values and norms take time to catch up with technological developments

Answer 33

Cultural lag