Chapter 7

Question 1

Physiological Characteristics

Answer 1

The functioning of organ systems within the body.

Question 2

Physiological Systems

Answer 2

Nervous system, cardiac system, and the musculoskeletal system.

Question 3

Theoretical Bridge

Answer 3

Bridge between personality dimension of interest and physiological variables in order to use physiological concepts to help explain personality.

Question 4

Electrodes

Answer 4

Sensors placed on the surface of a participant’s skin.

Question 5

Telemetry

Answer 5

Process by which electrical signals are sent from the participant to the polygraph through Bluetooth, Wifi, or other radio waves instead of by wires.

Question 6

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 6

Branch of autonomic nervous system that supports the fight-or-flight response.

Question 7

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 7

Part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to viral bodily structures associated with maintaining life and responding to emergencies such as the beating heart.

Question 8

Electrodermal Activity (Skin Conductance)

Answer 8

Most obtained by electrodes or sensors placed on the skin surface. Due to sweat with arousal, skin conductance of electricity increases.

Question 9

Blood Pressure

Answer 9

Pressure exerted by the blood on the inside of the artery walls, and it is typically expressed with two numbers: diastolic and systolic pressure.

Question 10

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 10

Resting pressure inside the system between heart contractions. Smaller number.

Question 11

Systolic Pressure

Answer 11

Maximum pressure within the cardiovascular system produced when the heart muscle contracts. Larger number.

Question 12

Cardiac Reactivity

Answer 12

Greater than normal increase in blood pressure and heart rate when performing task such as backward serial subtraction.

Question 13

Type A Personality

Answer 13

Behavior pattern characterized by impatience, competitiveness, and hostility.

Question 14

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

Answer 14

Structure in the brain stem thought to control overall cortical arousal.

Question 15

Arousal Level (Arousability)

Answer 15

Extroverts have lower levels of cortical or brain arousal than introverts. Difference between both lies in their nervous systems. with extroverts showing less arousability than introverts to the same levels of sensory stimulation.

Question 16

Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

Answer 16

Theory based on two principles: the behavioral activation system and the behavioral inhibition system.

Question 17

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

Answer 17

Responsive to incentives, such as cues for reward, and regulated approach behavior, most likely through the dopamine system.

Question 18

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

Answer 18

Responsive to cues for punishment, frustration, and uncertainty.

Question 19

Anxiety

Answer 19

An unpleasant, high-arousal emotional state associated with perceived threat.

Question 20

Impulsivity

Answer 20

Inability to inhibit responses.

Question 21

Sensation Seeking

Answer 21

Tendency to seek out thrilling and exciting activities, take risks, and avoid boredom.

Question 22

Sensory Deprivation

Answer 22

Researchers use this to see what happens when a person is deprived of sensory input. They are in a sound-proof chamber containing water where the person floats.

Question 23

Optimal Level of Arousal

Answer 23

People are motivated to reach an optimal level of arousal.

Question 24

Comorbidity

Answer 24

Where two or more disorders simultaneously occur within the same individual.

Question 25

Neurotransmitters

Answer 25

Chemicals in the nerve cells that are responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse from one ell to another.

Question 26

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Answer 26

Responsible for maintaining the proper levels of neurotransmitters.

Question 27

Dopamine

Answer 27

Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure.

Question 28

Serotonin

Answer 28

Neurotransmitter associated with depression or anxiety.

Question 29

Norepinephrine

Answer 29

Neurotransmitter involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight.

Question 30

Tridimensional Personality Model

Answer 30

Three personality traits are tied to levels of the three neurotransmitters.

Question 31

Novelty Seeking

Answer 31

Based on three levels of dopamine, recall that low levels of dopamine create a drive state to obtain substance or experiences that increase dopamine.

Question 32

Harm Avoidance

Answer 32

Associated with abnormalities in serotonin metabolism.

Question 33

Reward Dependence

Answer 33

Related to levels of norepinephrine, people tend to act in ways that produce reward.

Question 34

Morningness-Eveningness

Answer 34

Referring as to which one identifies more with a morning person or evening person.

Question 35

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 35

Biological clock.

Question 36

Free Running

Answer 36

There are no time cues to influence your behavior or biology.

Question 37

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 37

Electrical Activity that is rhythmic and exhibits waves that are fast or slow, depending on neurological activation in the brain.

Question 38

Alpha Wave

Answer 38

Type of brain wave that oscillated at 8-12 times a second.

Question 39

Frontal Brain Asymmetry

Answer 39

Exhibit enough stability and consistency to be considered as indicative of an underlying biological disposition or trait.

Question 40

Cortisol

Answer 40

Stress hormone that prepares the body to fight or flight, and increases in cortisol mean that the animal has recently experienced stress.

Question 41

Evoked Potentials

Answer 41

EEG recording during presentation of stimulus.