Chapter 5

Question 1

Personality Development

Answer 1

Continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.

Question 2

Rank Order Stability

Answer 2

Maintenance of individual position within a group.

Question 3

Mean Level Stability

Answer 3

If the average level of something in a group remains the same over time, the group is high in this.

Question 4

Mean Level Change

Answer 4

If the group tends to get increasingly different as time goes on, than that group is this.

Question 5

Personality Coherence

Answer 5

Form of personality development maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait.

Question 6

Population Level

Answer 6

Deals with the changes and constancies that apply more or less to everyone.

Question 7

Group Differences Level

Answer 7

Some changes over time affect different groups of people differently.

Question 8

Individual Differences Level

Answer 8

Individual differences in personality development.

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

Individual differences that emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.

Question 10

Activity Level (1TL)

Answer 10

The infant’s overall motor activity, including arm or leg movements.

Question 11

Smiling/Laughter (2TL)

Answer 11

How much does the infant smile or laugh?

Question 12

Fear (3TL)

Answer 12

Infant’s distress and reluctance to approach novel stimuli.

Question 13

Distress to Limitations (4TL)

Answer 13

Child’s distress at being refused food, being dressed, being confined, or being prevented access to a desired object.

Question 14

Soothability (5TL)

Answer 14

Degree to which the child reduces stress, or calms down, as a result of being soothed.

Question 15

Duration of Orienting (6TL)

Answer 15

Degree to which the child sustains attention to objects in the absence of sudden changes.

Question 16

Longitudinal Studies

Answer 16

Examine the same groups of individuals over time, are costly and difficult to conduct.

Question 17

Actometer

Answer 17

Recording device attached to the wrists of the children during several play periods.

Question 18

Stability Coefficients

Answer 18

Correlations between the same measures obtained at two different points in time.

Question 19

Validity Coefficients

Answer 19

Correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time.

Question 20

Self-Esteem

Answer 20

The extent to which one perceives oneself as relatively close to being the person one wants to be and/or as relatively distant from being the kind of person one does not want to be.

Question 21

Cohort Effects

Answer 21

The social times in which a population or generation lived.

Question 22

Narcissism

Answer 22

Those who tend to be self-centered and grandiose about themselves.

Question 23

Grit

Answer 23

Both perseverance and passion toward long-term goals.