Chapter 5 Flashcards
Personality Development
Continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.
Rank Order Stability
Maintenance of individual position within a group.
Mean Level Stability
If the average level of something in a group remains the same over time, the group is high in this.
Mean Level Change
If the group tends to get increasingly different as time goes on, than that group is this.
Personality Coherence
Form of personality development maintaining rank order in relation to other individuals but changing the manifestations of the trait.
Population Level
Deals with the changes and constancies that apply more or less to everyone.
Group Differences Level
Some changes over time affect different groups of people differently.
Individual Differences Level
Individual differences in personality development.
Temperament
Individual differences that emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.
Activity Level (1TL)
The infant’s overall motor activity, including arm or leg movements.
Smiling/Laughter (2TL)
How much does the infant smile or laugh?
Fear (3TL)
Infant’s distress and reluctance to approach novel stimuli.
Distress to Limitations (4TL)
Child’s distress at being refused food, being dressed, being confined, or being prevented access to a desired object.
Soothability (5TL)
Degree to which the child reduces stress, or calms down, as a result of being soothed.
Duration of Orienting (6TL)
Degree to which the child sustains attention to objects in the absence of sudden changes.
Longitudinal Studies
Examine the same groups of individuals over time, are costly and difficult to conduct.
Actometer
Recording device attached to the wrists of the children during several play periods.
Stability Coefficients
Correlations between the same measures obtained at two different points in time.
Validity Coefficients
Correlations between different measures of the same trait obtained at the same time.
Self-Esteem
The extent to which one perceives oneself as relatively close to being the person one wants to be and/or as relatively distant from being the kind of person one does not want to be.
Cohort Effects
The social times in which a population or generation lived.
Narcissism
Those who tend to be self-centered and grandiose about themselves.
Grit
Both perseverance and passion toward long-term goals.
