Chapter 16

Question 1

Sex Differences

Answer 1

Average differences between women and men in personality, behavior, or certain characteristics.

Question 2

Gender

Answer 2

Social interpretations of what it means to be a man or a woman, can change over time.

Question 3

Gender Sterortype

Answer 3

Beliefs about how men and women differ or are supposed to differ, in contrast to what the actual differences are.

Question 4

Effect Size

Answer 4

Estimation of how large the differences actually are.

Question 5

Minimalist

Answer 5

Those who describe sex differences as small and inconsequential.

Question 6

Maximalist

Answer 6

Argue that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.

Question 7

Inhibitory Control

Answer 7

Ability to control inappropriate responses or behaviors.

Question 8

Perceptual Sensitivity

Answer 8

The ability to detect subtle stimuli from the environment.

Question 9

Surgency

Answer 9

A cluster including approach behavior, high activity, and impulsivity.

Question 10

Negative Affectivity

Answer 10

Includes components such as anger, difficulty, amount of distress, and sadness.

Question 11

Trust

Answer 11

Proclivity to cooperate with others, giving others the benefit of the doubt, and viewing one’s fellow human beings as basically good at heart.

Question 12

Tender-Mindedness

Answer 12

Nurturant proclivity having empathy for others and being sympathetic with those who are downtrodden.

Question 13

Global Self-Esteem

Answer 13

The level of global regard that one has for the self as a person.

Question 14

People-Things Dimension

Answer 14

The nature of vocational interests.

Question 15

Empathizing

Answer 15

Tuning in to other people’s thoughts and feelings.

Question 16

Systemizing

Answer 16

The drive to comprehend how things work, how systems are built, and how inputs into systems produce outputs.

Question 17

Rumination

Answer 17

Repeatedly focusing on one’s symptoms or distress.

Question 18

Masculinity

Answer 18

Associated with assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, and instrumentality.

Question 19

Femininity

Answer 19

Associated with nurturance, expression of emotions, and empathy.

Question 20

Androgynous

Answer 20

Reflect the notion that a single person could possess both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Question 21

Instrumentality

Answer 21

Consists of personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed in a direct fashion, showing independence from others, and displaying self-sufficiency.

Question 22

Expressiveness

Answer 22

Ease with which one can express emotions.

Question 23

Gender Schemata

Answer 23

Cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social information on the basis of sex-linked associations.

Question 24

Social Categories

Answer 24

The cognitive component that describes the ways individuals classify other people into groups.

Question 25

Socialization Theory

Answer 25

Notion that boys and girls become different because boys are reinforced by parents, teachers, and the media for being masculine and girls for being feminine.

Question 26

Social Learning Theory

Answer 26

General theoretical view emphasizing the ways in which the presence of others influence people’s behavior, thoughts, or feelings.

Question 27

Social Role Theory

Answer 27

Sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family roles.

Question 28

Hormonal Theories

Answer 28

Men and women differ not because of the external social environment, but rather because men and women have different underlying hormones.

Question 29

Meta-Analysis

Answer 29

Statistical techniques for summarizing findings across multiple studies.