Chapter 16 Flashcards
Sex Differences
Average differences between women and men in personality, behavior, or certain characteristics.
Gender
Social interpretations of what it means to be a man or a woman, can change over time.
Gender Sterortype
Beliefs about how men and women differ or are supposed to differ, in contrast to what the actual differences are.
Effect Size
Estimation of how large the differences actually are.
Minimalist
Those who describe sex differences as small and inconsequential.
Maximalist
Argue that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized.
Inhibitory Control
Ability to control inappropriate responses or behaviors.
Perceptual Sensitivity
The ability to detect subtle stimuli from the environment.
Surgency
A cluster including approach behavior, high activity, and impulsivity.
Negative Affectivity
Includes components such as anger, difficulty, amount of distress, and sadness.
Trust
Proclivity to cooperate with others, giving others the benefit of the doubt, and viewing one’s fellow human beings as basically good at heart.
Tender-Mindedness
Nurturant proclivity having empathy for others and being sympathetic with those who are downtrodden.
Global Self-Esteem
The level of global regard that one has for the self as a person.
People-Things Dimension
The nature of vocational interests.
Empathizing
Tuning in to other people’s thoughts and feelings.
Systemizing
The drive to comprehend how things work, how systems are built, and how inputs into systems produce outputs.
Rumination
Repeatedly focusing on one’s symptoms or distress.
Masculinity
Associated with assertiveness, boldness, dominance, self-sufficiency, and instrumentality.
Femininity
Associated with nurturance, expression of emotions, and empathy.
Androgynous
Reflect the notion that a single person could possess both masculine and feminine characteristics.
Instrumentality
Consists of personality traits that involve working with objects, getting tasks completed in a direct fashion, showing independence from others, and displaying self-sufficiency.
Expressiveness
Ease with which one can express emotions.
Gender Schemata
Cognitive orientations that lead individuals to process social information on the basis of sex-linked associations.
Social Categories
The cognitive component that describes the ways individuals classify other people into groups.
Socialization Theory
Notion that boys and girls become different because boys are reinforced by parents, teachers, and the media for being masculine and girls for being feminine.
Social Learning Theory
General theoretical view emphasizing the ways in which the presence of others influence people’s behavior, thoughts, or feelings.
Social Role Theory
Sex differences originate because men and women are distributed differently into different occupational and family roles.
Hormonal Theories
Men and women differ not because of the external social environment, but rather because men and women have different underlying hormones.
Meta-Analysis
Statistical techniques for summarizing findings across multiple studies.
