Chapter 6

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

The complete set of genes an organism possesses.

Question 2

Genetic Junk

Answer 2

DNA in the human chromosomes used to be chalked with this term because scientists believed that these parts were functionless residues that served no purpose.

Question 3

Eugenics

Answer 3

Notion that we can design the future of the human species by fostering the reproduction of persons with certain traits and by discouraging the reproduction of persons without those traits.

Question 4

Percentage of Variance

Answer 4

Individuals vary, or are different from each other, and this variability can be partitioned into percentages that are due to different causes.

Question 5

Heritability

Answer 5

Statistic that refers to the proportion of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance.

Question 6

Phenotypic Variance

Answer 6

Observed individual differences, such as height or weight.

Question 7

Genotypic Variance

Answer 7

Individual differences in the total collection of genes possessed by each person.

Question 8

Environmentality

Answer 8

Percentage of observed variance in a group of individuals that can be attributed to environmental differences.

Question 9

Nature-Nurture Debate

Answer 9

Arguments about whether genes or environments are more important determinants of personality.

Question 10

Selective Breeding

Answer 10

Identifying the dogs that possess the desired characteristic and having them mate only with other dogs that also possess the characteristic.

Question 11

Family Studies

Answer 11

Correlate the degree of genetic relatedness among family members with the degree of personality similarity.

Question 12

Twin Studies

Answer 12

Estimate heritability by gauging whether identical twins, who chare 100 percent of their genes, are more similar to each other than are fraternal twins, who share only 50 percent of their genes.

Question 13

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

Answer 13

Come from a single fertilized egg, which divides into two at some point during gestation.

Question 14

Dizygotic (DZ) Twins

Answer 14

Come from two eggs that were separately fertilized.

Question 15

Equal Environments Assumption

Answer 15

The environments experienced by identical twins are no more similar to each other than are the environments experienced by fraternal twins.

Question 16

Adoption Studies

Answer 16

One can examine the correlations between adopted children and their adoptive parents, with whom they share no genes.

Question 17

Selective Placement

Answer 17

If adopted children are place with adoptive parents who are similar to their birth parents, then this may inflate the correlations between the adopted children and their adoptive parents.

Question 18

Shared and Non-Shared Environmental Influences

Answer 18

Some features of their environment are shared and some are not.

Question 19

Genotype-Environment Interaction

Answer 19

The differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environments.

Question 20

Genotype-Environment Correlation

Answer 20

The differential exposure of individuals with different genotypes to different environments.

Question 21

Passive Genotype-Environment Correlation

Answer 21

When parents provide both genes and the environment to children, yet the children do nothing to obtain that environment.

Question 22

Reactive Genotype-Environment Correlation

Answer 22

When parents respond to children differently, depending on the child’s genotypes.

Question 23

Active Genotype-Environment Correlation

Answer 23

When a person with a particular genotype creates or seeks out a particular environment.

Question 24

Molecular Genetics

Answer 24

Designed to identify the specific genes associated with personality traits.

Question 25

DRD4

Answer 25

Located on short arm of chromosome 11, is a code for a protein called dopamine receptor.

Question 26

Environmentalist View

Answer 26

Personality was determined by socialization practices, such as parenting style.