Chapter 10 Flashcards
False Memories
Memories that have been implanted by well-meaning therapists or others interrogating a subject about some event.
Imagination Inflation Effect
When a memory is elaborated upon through imagination, leading the person to confuse the imagined event with events that actually happened.
Confirmatory Bias
Tendency to look only for evidence that confirms their previous hunch and to not look for evidence that might disconfirm their belief.
Spreading Activation
Mental elements are stored in memory along with associations to other elements in memory.
Constructive Memory
Memory contributes to or influences in various ways what is recalled.
Cognitive Unconscious
Readily acknowledge that information can get into our memories without our even being aware of the information.
Motivated Unconscious
Information that is unconscious can actually motivate or influence subsequent behavior.
Subliminal Perception
Information that is not readily available but rather below conscious awareness.
Priming
Makes an associated material more accessible to conscious awareness than is material that is not primed.
Id Psychology
Impulsive, risky self that is independent and drives every person to respond aggressively, etc.
Ego Psychology
Establishing a secure identity is seen as the primary function or as an executive branch.
Identity Crisis
The desperation and confusion a person feels when they have not developed a strong sense of identity.
Eight Stages of Development
Erik Erikson’s eight stages explain what each person will face as they go throughout their lives and develop.
Psychosocial Conflicts
Crises of learning to trust our parents, learning to be autonomous from them, learning from them how to act as an adult.
Stage Model of Development
People go through the stages in a certain order and that there is a specific issue that characterizes each stage.
Developmental Crisis
Each stage has it’s own represented crisis.
Identity Confusion
Not having a strong sense of who one really is.
Rite of Passage
Is typically a ceremony that initiates a child into adulthood.
Negative Identity
An identity founded on undesirable social roles, such as a street gang member.
Identity Foreclosure
When a person does not have a crisis, or forms an identity without exploring alternatives.
Moratorium
Taking time to explore options before making a commitment to an identity.
Social Power
Based on the notion of penis envy, and that it was a symbol of social power rather than some organ that women actually desired.
Culture
Set of shared standards for many behaviors.
Fear of Success
A gender difference in response to competition and achievement situations.
Masculine or Feminine
Traits or roles typically associated with being male or female in a particular culture.
Gender Differences
Differences in such culturally ascribed roles and traits among the two genders.
Self-Serving Biases
The common tendency for people to take credit for successes yet to deny responsibility for failure.
Narcissism
Inflated self-admiration and constant attempts to draw attention to the self and to keep others focused on oneself.
Narcissistic Paradox
When a narcissist appears high in self-esteem, they actually have doubts about their worth as a person.
Object Relations Theory
Emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood.
Internalized
Child creates an unconscious mental representation of the mother.
Attachment
Positive emotions or feelings between caregiver and the child, better known as bonding.
Separation Anxiety
When mother leaves the child, the child forms one of the three types of attachment responses.
Strange Situation Procedure
Mother and her baby enter the laboratory room, which is like a comfortable living room. Child plays with toys, then mother sits down, then the three types of attachments are observed.
Securely Attached
The child was confident that mother would return.
Avoidantly Attached
The child was unfazed when mother would leave the room.
Ambivalently Attached
The child became very anxious when mother would leave and would begin to cry.
Working Models
Early experiences and reactions of the infant to the parents.
Secure Relationship Style
Person has few problems developing satisfying friendships and relationships.
Avoidant Relationship Style
Difficulty in learning to trust others, being suspicious of others.
Ambivalent Relationship Style
Vulnerability and uncertainty about relationships.
Object Relations
Enduring patterns of behavior in relationships with intimate others, as well as to the emotional, cognitive, and motivational processes that generate those patterns of behavior.
