Chapter 3

Question 1

Trait

Answer 1

Internal need, drive, or desire.

Question 2

Descriptive Summary

Answer 2

Making no assumption about internality or causality. Identify individual differences and develop causal theories to explain them.

Question 3

Act Nomination

Answer 3

Procedure designed to identify which acts belong in which trait categories.

Question 4

Prototypicality Judgment

Answer 4

Which acts are most central or prototypical of each trait category.

Question 5

Recording Act Performance

Answer 5

Securing information on the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives.

Question 6

Lexical Approach

Answer 6

All traits listed and defined in the dictionary form the basis of describing differences among people.

Question 7

Statistical Approach

Answer 7

Factor analysis or similar statistical procedures, to identify major personality traits.

Question 8

Theoretical Approach

Answer 8

Researchers rely on theories to identify important traits.

Question 9

Lexical Hypothesis

Answer 9

All important individual differences have become encoded within the natural language.

Question 10

Synonym Frequency

Answer 10

If an attribute has not merely one or two trait adjectives to describe it but rather many words, then it is a more important dimension of individual difference.

Question 11

Cross-Cultural Universality

Answer 11

If a trait is sufficiently important in all cultures that its members have divided terms to describe the trait, then the trait must be universally important in human affairs.

Question 12

Factor Analysis

Answer 12

Identifies groups of items that covary but tend not to covary with other groups of items.

Question 13

Factor Loadings

Answer 13

Indexes of how much of the variation in an item is explained by the factor.

Question 14

Sociosexual Orientation

Answer 14

Men and women will pursue one of two alternative sexual relationship strategies.

Question 15

Extraversion

Answer 15

Sociable, active, lively, venturesome, dominant, carefree, surgent, assertive, and sensation-seeking.

Question 16

Introversion

Answer 16

Prefer quiet, reading, distant, few friends, more serious, moderate pace, well-organized, and prefer a routine.

Question 17

Neuroticism

Answer 17

Anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense, irrational, shy, moody, and emotional.

Question 18

Psychoticism

Answer 18

Aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, umempathic, creative, and tough-minded.

Question 19

Interpersonal Traits

Answer 19

What people do to and with each other.

Question 20

Adjacency

Answer 20

How close the traits are to each other in the circumplex.

Question 21

Bipolarity

Answer 21

Traits that are bipolar are located at opposite sides of the circle and are negatively correlated with each other.

Question 22

Orthogonality

Answer 22

Specifies that traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model are entirely unrelated to each other.

Question 23

Five-Factor Model

Answer 23

Taxonomy of personality traits consisting of surgency or extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness-intellect.

Question 24

Surgency or Extraversion

Answer 24

Talkative, extraverted, assertive, forward, and outspoken.

Question 25

Agreeableness

Answer 25

Sympathetic, kind, warm, understanding, and sincere.

Question 26

Conscientiousness

Answer 26

Organized, near, orderly, practical, prompt, and meticulous.

Question 27

Emotional Stability

Answer 27

Calm, relaxed, and stable.

Question 28

Intellect

Answer 28

Creative, imaginative, and intellectual.

Question 29

Combinations of Big Five Variables

Answer 29

Traits are often examined in combinations.

Question 30

Personality-Descriptive Nouns

Answer 30

These nouns differ in their content emphases from personality taxonomies based on adjectives and may be more precise.

Question 31

The HEXACO Model

Answer 31

Model consisting of six traits for the taxonomy of personality; Humility-Honesty, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness.