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Theories of Personality > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Trait-Descriptive Adjectives

A

Adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of people.

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2
Q

Personality

A

Set of psychological traits and mechanisms in an individual that are organized and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

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3
Q

Psychological Traits

A

Characteristics that describe ways in which people are different from each other.

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4
Q

Average Tendency

A

Tendency to display a certain psychological trait with regularity.

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5
Q

Psychological Mechanisms

A

Like traits, referring to personality. Three steps; input, decision rules, and output.

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6
Q

Within The Individual

A

Personality is something a person carries with themselves over time and from one situation to the next.

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7
Q

Organized

A

Psychological traits and mechanisms for a given person are not a random collection of elements but linked together in coherent fashion.

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8
Q

Enduring

A

When psychological traits are stable over time.

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9
Q

Influential Forces

A

Personality traits of any one person can have an effect on peoples lives.

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10
Q

Person-Environment Interaction

A

Person’s interactions with situations include perceptions, selections, evocations, and manipulations.

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11
Q

Perception

A

How we see or interpret an environment.

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12
Q

Selection

A

The manner in which we choose situations to enter.

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13
Q

Evocations

A

Reactions we produce in others, usually unintentionally.

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14
Q

Manipulations

A

Ways in which we intentionally attempt to influence others.

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15
Q

Adaptation

A

A central feature of personality concerns adaptive functioning; accomplishing goals, coping, adjusting, and dealing with the challenges and problems we face as we go through life.

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16
Q

Environment

A

Physical, social, and intrapsychic environment that every person faces around them.

17
Q

Human Nature (Level 1)

A

LIKE ALL OTHERS. Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our species and are possessed by everyone.

18
Q

Individual/Group Differences (Level 2)

A

LIKE SOME OTHERS. Ways in which each person is like some other people, just as well as a group setting.

19
Q

Nomothetic

A

Research involves statistical comparisons of individuals or groups,requiring samples of participants on which to conduct research.

20
Q

Idiographic

A

Research focuses on a single person, trying to observe general principles that are manifest in a single life over time.

21
Q

Domain of Knowledge

A

Specialty area of science in which psychologists have focused on learning about specific and limited aspects of human nature.

22
Q

Dispositional Domain

A

Deals with the ways in which individuals differ from one another.

23
Q

Biological Domain

A

Humans are collections of biological systems, and these systems provide the building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion.

24
Q

Intrapsychic Domain

A

Deals with mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside of conscious awareness.

25
Q

Cognitive-Experiential Domain

A

Focuses on thought processes and subjective experience, such as conscious ideas, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others.

26
Q

Social and Cultural Domain

A

Personality is not something that merely resides within the heads, nervous systems, and genes of individuals.

27
Q

Adjustment Domain

A

Personality play a key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to the ebb and flow of events in our daily lives.

28
Q

Good Theory

A

Provides a guide for researchers, organizes known findings, and makes predictions.

29
Q

Theory

A

Tested by systematic observations that can be repeated by others and the yield similar conclusions.

30
Q

Belief

A

Personally useful and can crucially important to some people, but are based on faith, not on reliable facts or systematic observations.

31
Q

Five Scientific Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories

A

Comprehensiveness, Heuristics Value, Testability, Parsimony, and Compatibility.

32
Q

Comprehensiveness

A

Explains most or all known facts.

33
Q

Heuristic Value

A

Guides researchers to important new discoveries.

34
Q

Testability

A

Makes precise predictions that can be empirically tested.

35
Q

Parsimony

A

Contains few premises or assumptions.

36
Q

Compatibility and Integration Across Domains and Levels

A

Consistent with what is known in other domains; can be coordinated with other branches of scientific knowledge.

37
Q

Individual Uniqueness (Level 3)

A

LIKE NO OTHERS. Every individual has personal and unique qualities not shared by any other person in the world.

Theories of Personality (20 decks)

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