Chapter 7 Flashcards
What did Europeans initially do in Canada?
They fished and had good trading relationships with the First Nations
How did the First Nations aid the Europeans in The Fur Trade?
They delivered pelts to the Europeans and made long journeys for them. They also helped them survive harsh winters and how to avoid scurvy.
How did Europeans exploit the fur of North America?
They set up companies and persuaded investors
How did the French government contribute to the fur trade?
They gave the French in Canada a 15-year monopoly on the fur trade. In return, they had to attract 4000 settlers and convert First Nations to Catholicism
What is social status defined by in First Nations society?
Ability
How did First Nations and Europeans differ in terms of treaties?
First Nations orally remembered them and passed them down by word of mouth. Europeans were accustomed to written treaties
What was the original goal of the British North American
and First Nations treaties?
To prevent conflict so that Europeans could settle safely
What was the relationship like with First Nations and the Europeans in Newfoundland?
It turned hostile when Europeans set up their fish drying racks on the summer fishing sites of the Beothuk
How did the Beothuk and Europeans react when the relationship turned hostile?
The Beothuk destroyed the European equipment so the Europeans killed them
What caused the Beothuk to become extinct?
- European diseases
- Starvation due to being forced inland
- Europeans murdering them
Why couldn’t the First Nations force out the Europeans?
- The Europeans built fortified villages
- Europeans had muskets
- European diseases weakened the First Nations
- Conflicts among the First Nations made it difficult to unify
What were the 7 Years of War?
A war between the French and British which also spread to their colonies around the world
After the 7 Years of War, when British became victorious in gaining new land, how did they attract settlers to Quebec?
They created a royal proclamation and offered British people land grants if they came to Canada
How did the Europeans appease First Nations after the 7 Years of War?
They reserved a large amount of land inland for them
What is a legacy that the French left related to land?
They divided land into large tracts called seigneurs and gave them to people of noble birth who then attracted settlers to work the land. The plots were usually based on water ways
What was a weakness of the Seigneurial system?
They were difficult to defend
What type of land did the Europeans claim for themselves?
Fertile land, and they forced the First Nations onto unproductive land
What encouraged First Nations to sign treaties with the Europeans?
Depopulation
What did the Numbered Treaties do for First Nations people?
They surrendered their territory and agreed to live on reserves. They were also promised annual payments and other benefits
What were the problems with the numbered treaties?
- First Nations were given unproductive land
- They were negotiated orally and then typed up by the Canadian government
- First Nations saw the money as a gift in exchange for “sharing their territory”
What was the first tool the government used against First Nations to encourage assimilation?
The Indian Act
Does the Indian act still remain today?
Yes, but it has changed a lot
What did the Indian Act mean for First Nations in the 19th century?
Life was strictly controlled by government officials
What were the ways the Indian act controlled First Nations?
- Defined who was and wasn’t a status Indian
- Banned traditional practices
- Only those who moved off the reserve were allowed to vote
- Were not allowed to pursue land affairs without consulting the superintendent of Indian affairs
Why were residential schools set up?
Because the Indian act made the government responsible for education
Who was Phil Fontaine?
A First Nations man who spoke about what her had endured at residential schools. He has also dedicated his life to advancing the rights of First Nations children
How did First Nations children suffer due to residential schools?
- The schools were far
- Teachers were cruel
- Discipline was harsh
- Children were punished for speaking their own languages
How were all immigrants not equally welcomed in Canada?
British immigrants were actively recruited. People who did not come from Europe were discouraged
What is a cultural mosaic?
A way of honouring people ethnic and cultural roots
Why did Canada introduce the multiculturalism policy?
To deal with the changing makeup of the population
What is the idea of multiculturalism?
Reject assimilation and accept cultural pluralism
What is cultural pluralism?
The idea that people are free to retain their own cultural traditions.
Why did some people believe that a multicultural policy was bad?
- They believed it would divide Canadians
- Some believed it would erode the British culture
What were the 2 types of land claims?
Comprehensive and specific
What were comprehensive land claims based around?
Area where treaties were never signed
What were specific land claims about?
In relation to treaty conditions that had not been met
What contributed to the quiet revolution?
Many people cast off traditional ways of thinking and started to demand equality
What did Quebecois do in the quiet revolution?
-They rejected traditional conservative values
What changes came out of the Quiet Revolution?
- The education system was changed to reflect 20th century needs
- Gave a voice to Quebecois who were not earning as much a anglophones
