Chapter 7 Flashcards
Contains protons and neutrons and the cells DNA, controls the cells activities, the brain of the cell
Nucleus
Controls what enters and leaves the cell
Cell membrane
Holds everything inside of the cell and contains it
Cell wall
Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and gives the cell its shape
Cytoplasm
Converts sunlight into chemical energy or food
Chloroplast
Holds the materials and waste for the cell
Vacuole
Protects the nucleus and acts like a barrier
Nuclear envelope
Builds proteins and helps in cell division, contains the genetic codes passed from one cell to another
Chromosome
All of the things that make up the cell
Organelles
Who was the first person to see organisms in water, first person to use a microscope to study nature, and first person to use a microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Who was one of the first people to use the light microscope and named cells by looking at cork and seeing tiny little pieces that reminded him of jail cells
Robert Hooke
What did Robert hookes discovery tell scientists and make them realize
To search for cells in other living things; cells are the basic unit of life
What is the cell theory
All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structures and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
What two categories do biologists divide cells into
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
What do eukaryotes contain that prokaryotes don’t
Nucleus
All bacteria is a
Prokaryote
What can eukaryotes do
Grow, reproduce, and respond to their surroundings
What are the types of eukaryotes
Plants, animals, and fungi
What do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain
A cell membrane and cytoplasm
What do organelles do
They are specialized structures that perform important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell
What are organelles sometimes known as
Little organs
What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
Cytoplasm
What two things work together and are the two major parts in a eukaryotic cell
The nucleus and the cytoplasm
How many layers does the nuclear envelope have
Two
What is the nuclear envelope dotted with
Thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move in and out of the nucleus
What is chromatin
Consists of DNA bound to proteins and is a grainy material that you can spread throughout the nucleus
When are chromosomes formed
When chromatin condenses
What is the nucleolus
Small, dense region within most nuclei where the assembly of ribosomes begins
What are ribosomes
Small particles of RNA and protein found in cytoplasm
What are assembled on ribosomes
Proteins
How do ribosomes produce proteins
By following coded instructions from the nucleus
What is endoplasmic reticulum
The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported
Where is the ER found
In a eukaryotic cell
What is the portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins
The rough ER
What is the rough ER abundant in
Cells that produce large amounts of protein for export
What does the smooth ER contain
Collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks
What does the Golgi apparatus do
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. Discovered by Camillo Golgi
Where do the proteins go after they leave the Golgi apparatus
To their final destination
What are lysosomes
Small organelles filled with enzymes
What is one function of lysosomes
The digestion of lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules. And they break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
What do lysosomes remove from the cell
Junk
What do vacuoles in plants help support
Heavy structures
Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have two
Membranes
What is the cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape. Is also involved in movement
What are two of the principal protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments and microtubules
Where are centrioles located
Near the nucleus and help in cell division
Centrioles are not found where
In plant cells
All cells have cell membrane made of what
Proteins and lipids
Some cells have cell membranes and cell walls what are some examples
Plants, fungi, and bacteria
Plant cell have a cell wall made out of _______, that is a fiber in our diet
Cellulose
Bacteria and fungi have cell walls but do not contain
Cellulose
Cell membranes and cell walls are _____, allowing water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nutrients to pass through easily
Porous
Cell membranes help cells maintain
Homeostasis
What is the process that does not require energy to move molecules from a high to low concentration
Passive transport
What is diffusion
The movement of SMALL particles across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached
What is facilitated diffusion
The movement of LARGE molecules like glucose through the cell membrane-larger molecules must be helped
What is osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane
Diffusion particles move from an area of _____ concentration to an area of ______ concentration
High to low
In osmosis water diffuses across a membrane from ____ concentration to _____ concentration
High to low
A semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water not
Sugar
In facilitated diffusion molecules pass through
Protein channels
What is a hypertonic solution
Contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it shrivels
What is hypotonic solution
Contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it seals and possibly explodes
What is an isotonic solution
Contains the same concentration of solute as another solution. When a cell is placed in a isotonic solution the water diffuses in and out of the cell at the same rate causing it to stay the same
What is the movement of molecules from a low to high concentration
Active transport
No energy is needed for
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis
Energy is needed for
Active transport
What is the mechanism by which very large molecules get into and out of the cell
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Food is moved into the cell by
Endocytosis
Wastes are moved out of the cell by
Exocytosis
What are unicellular organisms
Single called organisms
What are multicellular organisms
Multi called organisms
What are multicellular organisms specialized to perform
Particular functions within the organisms
What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism
- Individual cells, 2. Tissue, 3. Organs, 4. Organ systems
What are organs
Many tissues that work together
What are organ systems
Groups of organs
Converts chemical energy into food compounds, the powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
