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Biology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Contains protons and neutrons and the cells DNA, controls the cells activities, the brain of the cell

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

A

Cell membrane

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3
Q

Holds everything inside of the cell and contains it

A

Cell wall

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4
Q

Jelly-like substance that fills the cell and gives the cell its shape

A

Cytoplasm

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5
Q

Converts sunlight into chemical energy or food

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

Holds the materials and waste for the cell

A

Vacuole

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7
Q

Protects the nucleus and acts like a barrier

A

Nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Builds proteins and helps in cell division, contains the genetic codes passed from one cell to another

A

Chromosome

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9
Q

All of the things that make up the cell

A

Organelles

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10
Q

Who was the first person to see organisms in water, first person to use a microscope to study nature, and first person to use a microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

Who was one of the first people to use the light microscope and named cells by looking at cork and seeing tiny little pieces that reminded him of jail cells

A

Robert Hooke

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12
Q

What did Robert hookes discovery tell scientists and make them realize

A

To search for cells in other living things; cells are the basic unit of life

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13
Q

What is the cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structures and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

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14
Q

What two categories do biologists divide cells into

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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15
Q

What do eukaryotes contain that prokaryotes don’t

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

All bacteria is a

A

Prokaryote

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17
Q

What can eukaryotes do

A

Grow, reproduce, and respond to their surroundings

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18
Q

What are the types of eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals, and fungi

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19
Q

What do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain

A

A cell membrane and cytoplasm

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20
Q

What do organelles do

A

They are specialized structures that perform important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

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21
Q

What are organelles sometimes known as

A

Little organs

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22
Q

What is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

What two things work together and are the two major parts in a eukaryotic cell

A

The nucleus and the cytoplasm

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24
Q

How many layers does the nuclear envelope have

A

Two

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25
Q

What is the nuclear envelope dotted with

A

Thousands of nuclear pores, which allow material to move in and out of the nucleus

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26
Q

What is chromatin

A

Consists of DNA bound to proteins and is a grainy material that you can spread throughout the nucleus

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27
Q

When are chromosomes formed

A

When chromatin condenses

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28
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

Small, dense region within most nuclei where the assembly of ribosomes begins

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29
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Small particles of RNA and protein found in cytoplasm

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30
Q

What are assembled on ribosomes

A

Proteins

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31
Q

How do ribosomes produce proteins

A

By following coded instructions from the nucleus

32
Q

What is endoplasmic reticulum

A

The site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported

33
Q

Where is the ER found

A

In a eukaryotic cell

34
Q

What is the portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins

A

The rough ER

35
Q

What is the rough ER abundant in

A

Cells that produce large amounts of protein for export

36
Q

What does the smooth ER contain

A

Collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks

37
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell. Discovered by Camillo Golgi

38
Q

Where do the proteins go after they leave the Golgi apparatus

A

To their final destination

39
Q

What are lysosomes

A

Small organelles filled with enzymes

40
Q

What is one function of lysosomes

A

The digestion of lipids, carbs, and proteins into small molecules. And they break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness

41
Q

What do lysosomes remove from the cell

A

Junk

42
Q

What do vacuoles in plants help support

A

Heavy structures

43
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have two

A

Membranes

44
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein filaments that help the cell maintain its shape. Is also involved in movement

45
Q

What are two of the principal protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

46
Q

Where are centrioles located

A

Near the nucleus and help in cell division

47
Q

Centrioles are not found where

A

In plant cells

48
Q

All cells have cell membrane made of what

A

Proteins and lipids

49
Q

Some cells have cell membranes and cell walls what are some examples

A

Plants, fungi, and bacteria

50
Q

Plant cell have a cell wall made out of _______, that is a fiber in our diet

A

Cellulose

51
Q

Bacteria and fungi have cell walls but do not contain

A

Cellulose

52
Q

Cell membranes and cell walls are _____, allowing water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nutrients to pass through easily

A

Porous

53
Q

Cell membranes help cells maintain

A

Homeostasis

54
Q

What is the process that does not require energy to move molecules from a high to low concentration

A

Passive transport

55
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of SMALL particles across a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached

56
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of LARGE molecules like glucose through the cell membrane-larger molecules must be helped

57
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane like the cell membrane

58
Q

Diffusion particles move from an area of _____ concentration to an area of ______ concentration

A

High to low

59
Q

In osmosis water diffuses across a membrane from ____ concentration to _____ concentration

A

High to low

60
Q

A semi-permeable membrane is permeable to water not

A

Sugar

61
Q

In facilitated diffusion molecules pass through

A

Protein channels

62
Q

What is a hypertonic solution

A

Contains a high concentration of solute relative to another solution. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it shrivels

63
Q

What is hypotonic solution

A

Contains a low concentration of solute relative to another solution. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution it seals and possibly explodes

64
Q

What is an isotonic solution

A

Contains the same concentration of solute as another solution. When a cell is placed in a isotonic solution the water diffuses in and out of the cell at the same rate causing it to stay the same

65
Q

What is the movement of molecules from a low to high concentration

A

Active transport

66
Q

No energy is needed for

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

67
Q

Energy is needed for

A

Active transport

68
Q

What is the mechanism by which very large molecules get into and out of the cell

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

69
Q

Food is moved into the cell by

A

Endocytosis

70
Q

Wastes are moved out of the cell by

A

Exocytosis

71
Q

What are unicellular organisms

A

Single called organisms

72
Q

What are multicellular organisms

A

Multi called organisms

73
Q

What are multicellular organisms specialized to perform

A

Particular functions within the organisms

74
Q

What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism

A
  1. Individual cells, 2. Tissue, 3. Organs, 4. Organ systems
75
Q

What are organs

A

Many tissues that work together

76
Q

What are organ systems

A

Groups of organs

77
Q

Converts chemical energy into food compounds, the powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

Biology (28 decks)

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