Chapter 13 vocab

Question 1

Hybridization

Answer 1

Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms

Question 2

Inbreeding

Answer 2

The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

Question 3

Genetic engineering

Answer 3

Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism

Question 4

Restriction enzyme

Answer 4

Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of Nucleotides

Question 5

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 5

Procedure that allows DNA fragments to be separated & Analyzed

Question 6

Recombinant DNA

Answer 6

Because they are produced by combining DNA from different sources

Question 7

Polymerase chain reaction

Answer 7

Like a photo copy machine stuck on “print”

Question 8

Plasmid

Answer 8

The foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule

Question 9

Genetic maker

Answer 9

A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t

Question 10

Transgenic

Answer 10

Meaning that they contain genes from other species

Question 11

Clone

Answer 11

A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Question 12

Selective Breeding

Answer 12

Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants animals and other o gains so to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms

Question 13

Polyploid

Answer 13

Many sets of chromosomes

Question 14

Organism that’s has been produced by selective breeding

Answer 14

Horses dogs cats potatoes

Question 15

Who was Luther Burbank

Answer 15

Botanist, who d beloved the disease-resistant Burbank potato, which was later exported to Ireland to help fight potato blight and other diseases

Question 16

What are the risks of inbreeding

Answer 16

There is always a chance that a cross between two individuals will bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect

Question 17

Why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild

Answer 17

Selective breeding would be nearly impossible w/o the wide variation that is found in natural populations

Question 18

Breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing ______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability

Answer 18

Mutations

Question 19

Name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation

Answer 19

Radiation

Chemicals

Question 20

Why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria

Answer 20

This increases the chances of producing a useful mutant: using this technique, scientist have been possible to produce bacteria that can digest oil.

Question 21

What is true about polyploidy

Answer 21

Polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals
Bananas & some citrus fruits are polyploidy

Question 22

Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program. True or false

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Scientist use their knowledge of the _____ of DNA and its ___ properties to study and change DNA molecules

Answer 23

Structure

Chemical

Question 24

Four different techniques that molecular biologist use to study and change DNA molecules

Answer 24

Extract DNA from cells
Cut DNA into smaller pieces
Identify the sequence of bases in DNA molecule
Make unlimited copies of DNA

Question 25

Explain how biologists get DNA out of the cell

Answer 25

The cells are opened & the DNA is separated from the other cell parts

Question 26

Biologists use _____ to cut enzyme to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments

Answer 26

Restriction enzyme

Question 27

Which process by which DNA fragments are separated & analyzed

Answer 27

Gel electrophoresis

Question 28

Identifying DNA sequence enables researchers to

Answer 28

Study specific genes Compare genes to organisms Discover functions of genes

Question 29

What occurs during transformation

Answer 29

During transformation, a cell takes DNA from outside the cells. This external DNA becomes a component of cells DNA

Question 30

Two reasons why plasm is is useful for DNA for transfer

Answer 30

- It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication,ensuring that the foreign DNA will be replicant - It has a genetic marker

Question 31

Describe what occurs n a successful transformation of cells

Answer 31

The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cells

Question 32

How do scientist know that plants & animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression

Answer 32

A gene for luciferase,an animal enzyme works perfectly in a plant

Question 33

What is transgenic organism

Answer 33

It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms

Question 34

Describe how to make a transgenic organism

Answer 34

Using basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism

Question 35

Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of ____, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world

Answer 35

Biotechnology

Question 36

Transgenic microorganisms

Answer 36

Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply & in great abundance People w/ insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated w/ pure human insulin In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics.

Question 37

List 4 ways in which transgenic animals have been used

Answer 37

To study genes To improve the food supply To study the effects of diseases on the human immune system To produce human proteins

Question 38

Items that might soon be produced by transgenic plants

Answer 38

- human antibodies - rot-resistant foods - plastics - vitamin A-enriched rice

Question 39

For years many scientists thought that it was impossible to clone bacteria . True or False

Answer 39

False

Question 40

All cloned animals are also transgenic. True or false

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years

Answer 41

``` Sheep Cow Sheep Mice Other mammals ```