Chapter 13 vocab Flashcards
Hybridization
Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms
Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
Genetic engineering
Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
Restriction enzyme
Enzymes that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of Nucleotides
Gel electrophoresis
Procedure that allows DNA fragments to be separated & Analyzed
Recombinant DNA
Because they are produced by combining DNA from different sources
Polymerase chain reaction
Like a photo copy machine stuck on “print”
Plasmid
The foreign DNA is first joined to a small, circular DNA molecule
Genetic maker
A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t
Transgenic
Meaning that they contain genes from other species
Clone
A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Selective Breeding
Allowing only those animals with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation in plants animals and other o gains so to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms
Polyploid
Many sets of chromosomes
Organism that’s has been produced by selective breeding
Horses dogs cats potatoes
Who was Luther Burbank
Botanist, who d beloved the disease-resistant Burbank potato, which was later exported to Ireland to help fight potato blight and other diseases
What are the risks of inbreeding
There is always a chance that a cross between two individuals will bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect
Why are biologists interested in preserving the diversity of plants and animals in the wild
Selective breeding would be nearly impossible w/o the wide variation that is found in natural populations
Breeders can increase the genetic variation by inducing ______, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability
Mutations
Name two methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation
Radiation
Chemicals
Why are radiation and chemicals useful techniques for producing mutant bacteria
This increases the chances of producing a useful mutant: using this technique, scientist have been possible to produce bacteria that can digest oil.
What is true about polyploidy
Polyploidy plants have many sets of chromosomes
Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals
Bananas & some citrus fruits are polyploidy
Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer program. True or false
True
Scientist use their knowledge of the _____ of DNA and its ___ properties to study and change DNA molecules
Structure
Chemical
Four different techniques that molecular biologist use to study and change DNA molecules
Extract DNA from cells
Cut DNA into smaller pieces
Identify the sequence of bases in DNA molecule
Make unlimited copies of DNA
Explain how biologists get DNA out of the cell
The cells are opened & the DNA is separated from the other cell parts
Biologists use _____ to cut enzyme to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of nucleotides to make smaller fragments
Restriction enzyme
Which process by which DNA fragments are separated & analyzed
Gel electrophoresis
Identifying DNA sequence enables researchers to
Study specific genes
Compare genes to organisms
Discover functions of genes
What occurs during transformation
During transformation, a cell takes DNA from outside the cells. This external DNA becomes a component of cells DNA
Two reasons why plasm is is useful for DNA for transfer
- It has a DNA sequence that helps promote plasmid replication,ensuring that the foreign DNA will be replicant
- It has a genetic marker
Describe what occurs n a successful transformation of cells
The recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cells
How do scientist know that plants & animals share the same basic mechanisms of gene expression
A gene for luciferase,an animal enzyme works perfectly in a plant
What is transgenic organism
It is an organism that contains genes from other organisms
Describe how to make a transgenic organism
Using basic techniques of genetic engineering, a gene from one organism can be inserted into cells from another organism
Genetic engineering has spurred the growth of ____, a new industry that is changing the way we interact with the living world
Biotechnology
Transgenic microorganisms
Transgenic bacteria produce human proteins cheaply & in great abundance
People w/ insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated w/ pure human insulin
In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for plastics.
List 4 ways in which transgenic animals have been used
To study genes
To improve the food supply
To study the effects of diseases on the human immune system
To produce human proteins
Items that might soon be produced by transgenic plants
- human antibodies
- rot-resistant foods
- plastics
- vitamin A-enriched rice
For years many scientists thought that it was impossible to clone bacteria . True or False
False
All cloned animals are also transgenic. True or false
False
What kinds of mammals have been cloned in recent years
Sheep Cow Sheep Mice Other mammals
