Chapter 7

Question 1

PPR activity in humans occurs

Answer 1

when the observer holds a target location in mind.

Question 2

“Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s

Answer 2

medial superior temporal (MST) area

Question 3

Softball players were asked to estimate the size of a softball immediately after a game. When perceived ball size was examined in relation to batting average, it was revealed that

Answer 3

rested players with lower batting averages provided larger ball-size estimates than tired players with low batting averages

Question 4

Which statement is true concerning the focus of expansion?

Answer 4

It always occurs at the point you are moving toward

Question 5

Hamid et al. (2010) had participants navigate a maze while recording their eye movements. The maze contained landmarks on the walls at corners and at other positions that would not aid maze navigation. After participants learned the maze, the researchers removed half of the landmarks. The results of this study revealed that

Answer 5

performance decreased when landmarks were removed that had been viewed longer

Question 6

Individuals with damage to the parietal regions associated with reaching have difficulty with reaching tasks. An analysis of their reach “paths” reveals that the parietal region

Answer 6

provides guidance for reaching and avoiding obstacles

Question 7

The ecological approach emerged as a reaction

Answer 7

to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision

Question 8

MST neurons that respond to flow

Answer 8

can be selective to outward-expanding or circular motions

Question 9

According to Land and Lee, drivers negotiate curves by

Answer 9

using information in addition to optic flow

Question 10

The results of Bhalla and Proffitt’s (1999) physical-fitness-and-hill-steepness study demonstrated that

Answer 10

less physically fit individuals perceived the hill as being more steep

Question 11

According to Gibson, the relationship between movement and flow is

Answer 11

movement creates flow, which then provides information to guiding further movement

Question 12

In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object

Answer 12

neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated

Question 13

After damage to his _______ Mantio is able to recognize landmarks in his hometown, but is unable to determine which direction he should go from those landmarks to arrive at his house.

Answer 13

retrosplenial cortex

Question 14

Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by

Answer 14

keeping their body pointed toward the destination.

Question 15

Joe enters a room, sees a novel object, and promptly walks over and sits on it. The object was about the size of a small table and had a flat, smooth surface at approximately knee height. If asked to explain Joe’s behavior, Gibson would likely say that Joe

Answer 15

was acting based on affordances.

Question 16

Lee et al.’s “Swinging Room” studies found that

Answer 16

children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created

Question 17

The neurons that signal the monkey’s intention to grab an object are mostly found in the

Answer 17

parietal reach region (PRR)

Question 18

Affordances

Answer 18

provide the observer possibilities for action

Question 19

After damage to her _______ Cathy has no trouble finding her way to location on major roads in town, but she becomes lost on side roads, even those she had driven many times.

Answer 19

hippocampus

Question 20

You are driving a car. Which of the following statements is an accurate reflection of flow in this situation?

Answer 20

Optic flow does not occur for the focus of expansion

Question 21

Britten and vanWezel used __________ to show that MST neurons help determine perception of the direction of movement.

Answer 21

electrical stimulation of neurons

Question 22

Using the “Swinging Room” technique, the earliest evidence of optic flow was demonstrated in participants who were

Answer 22

4 months old

Question 23

Which of the following situations would most likely cause an audiovisual mirror neuron to fire?

Answer 23

When the monkey sees a peanut breaking and hears the sound of the peanut breaking

Question 24

Information that remains constant even though the observer is moving is called

Answer 24

invariant information

Question 25

“Blind walking” studies have shown that

Answer 25

blindfolded participants can navigate short distances when walking in a straight line or making an angled turn

Question 26

Which of the following factors has not been shown to influence action-based object perception?

Answer 26

Describing the object to someone before interacting with it

Question 27

In Janzen and vanTurennout’s study of using landmarks as “decision points” in a navigating through a museum, participants

Answer 27

had greater brain activation in the parahippocampal gyrus for “decision points” than “non-decision points.”

Question 28

Using the visual direction strategy, walkers stay on target by

Answer 28

keeping their body pointed toward the destination

Question 29

In monkey hand grip experiments, a monkey briefly sees an object, the lights go out, then the monkey is prompted to reach for the object. When the monkey reaches for the object

Answer 29

neurons that respond to the specific grip being used will be activated

Question 30

If you close both your eyes while standing on one foot,

Answer 30

you lose your balance more quickly than if your eyes are open