Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

There are __________ different types of olfactory receptors in humans.

A

approximately 350

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2
Q

The ____ pathway conducts signals from the front and sides of the tongue to the brain.

A

chorda tympani

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3
Q

Which of the following tastes do newborns NOT react to?

A

salty

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4
Q

A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is

A

referred to as umami

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5
Q

__________ is the inability to smell due to injury or infection.

A

anosmia

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6
Q

____ tastes cause an autonomic acceptance response and prepares the gastrointestinal tract for these substances.

A

sweet

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7
Q

Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because

A

dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans

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8
Q

The central part of the tongue has no taste sensations because that part consists primarily of _______ papillae which do not contain taste buds.

A

filiform

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9
Q

Which of the following compounds had the same flavor whether or not the person’s nose was clamped to prevent olfaction?

A

MSG

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10
Q

The difference between “tasters” and “non-tasters” in the ability to taste PROP is due to:

A

both higher taste bud density and specialized receptors for “tasters.”

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11
Q

Eliminating the receptor for bitter tastes results in

A

no effect on responses to the other tastes

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12
Q

Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae are similar to ______ in vision.

A

the blind spot

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13
Q

The tiny bumps on the tongue that contain the taste buds are the

A

papillae

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14
Q

Sodium nitrate results in a taste of

A

combination of sour, salty, and bitter

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15
Q

The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.

A

glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

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16
Q

The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.

A

glomeruli in the olfactory bulb

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17
Q

In taste research, people are classified as “tasters” or “non-tasters” based on their sensitivity to PTC, which tastes

A

bitter

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18
Q

Octanoic acid and octanol differ in molecular structure by one oxygen molecule. When smelling these substances,

A

the recognition profiles for the two substances are very different

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19
Q

When presented with a common odor like banana or motor oil, participants can identify the odor approximately _____% of the time.

A

50

20
Q

Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to

A

the piriform cortex in the temporal lobe.
the orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe.
the amygdala.

21
Q

The __________ is the structure that contains the receptors for olfaction.

A

olfactory mucosa

22
Q

When an eight-hour-old newborn is given a concentrated shrimp odor to smell, the newborn

A

responds with a facial expression that displays disgust

23
Q

When using the forced-choice procedure in measuring odor detection thresholds, the experimenter should

A

separate trials by at least 30 seconds.

24
Q

In regard to specificity vs. distributed coding , most researchers conclude

A

basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and distributed coding is important for discriminating subtle differences

25
Q

The orbital frontal cortex receives input from

A

the visual pathways.
the primary somatosensory cortex.
the primary cortical areas for taste and olfaction

26
Q

Which technique involves injecting an animal with a radioactive molecule to see which part of the olfactory bulb is most activated by different chemicals?

A

2-DG

27
Q

Which technique involves injecting an animal with a radioactive molecule to see which part of the olfactory bulb is most activated by different chemicals?

A

2-DG

28
Q

Finding the neural code for odor molecules

A

has focused on which chemical odorants cause the olfactory neurons to fire

29
Q

Flavor is the impression a person gets from

A

the combination of olfaction and taste

30
Q

The substance amiloride

A

blocks the flow of sodium to taste receptors

31
Q

When Doty told a participant the correct label for an odor initially described as “fishy-goaty-oily,” the participant transformed the smell into the perception of

A

leather

32
Q

Evidence for ______ is provided by an Erickson (1963) study in which rats appeared to be unable to discriminate between two different solutions that produce a similar taste.

A

distributed coding

33
Q

The _______ is most likely involved perceiving overlapping odors, such as “coffee” “French toast” and “bacon.”

A

piriform cortex

34
Q

A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is

A

referred to as umami

35
Q

The senses of ____________ are referred to as the gatekeepers.

A

olfaction and gustation

36
Q

As a monkey’s hunger for cream decreases, the firing of the OFC neuron to the cream’s odor

A

decreases

37
Q

The _____ papillae are mushroom-shaped and found on the tip and sides of the tongue.

A

circumvallate

38
Q

“Across-fiber patterns” is another name for

A

distributed coding

39
Q

Olfactory transduction occurs at

A

the olfactory receptor neurons

40
Q

Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to

A

the insula and the frontal operculum cortex

41
Q

Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to

A

the insula and the frontal operculum cortex

42
Q

The human sensitivity for the odorant found in natural gas is ________ the odorant for the main substance in nail polish remover.

A

greater than

43
Q

Which of the following is a correct interpretation when using calcium imaging to measure olfactory receptor response?

A

The more strongly the ORN is activated, the fluorescence decreases.

44
Q

In one study, men rated the scent of t-shirts worn by women three nights in a row. The results indicated that

A

men preferred the t-shirt scent if the woman was not ovulating.

45
Q

Uchida’s optical imaging research showed that larger carbon chains activate areas on the olfactory bulb that are

A

located more to the left