Chapter 6

Question 1

According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _________ stage of processing.

Answer 1

preattentive

Question 2

The ability to perceive a rod as being continuous behind an occluding block

Answer 2

can be accomplished by three month olds

Question 3

Yasmen is walking in a mall and thinks she sees a man wearing a red dress. She takes a longer look, and realizes she has seen a man in a suit walking next to a woman in a red dress. This is a natural example of

Answer 3

illusory conjunctions.

Question 4

Nicki walks into her friend’s bathroom and sees a blender next to the sink. She spends more time looking at that blender than she would have spent looking at a soap dispenser in the same position. Her increased gaze is a reflection of a ________ in action.

Answer 4

scene schema

Question 5

Johnson et al. (2004) presented moving occluded rods to 3-month-old infants, and classified the infants as “perceivers” or “nonperceivers” of a unified, occluded rod. The main finding of the study was

Answer 5

perceivers tended to make more horizontal eye movements.

Question 6

Vaco is playing basketball, and does a “no-look” pass to a teammate. This demonstrates the idea that attention

Answer 6

can occur without directly looking at the object.

Question 7

When Levin and Simons alerted participants that changes in “body position or clothing” would occur in a video of a conversation between two women, approximately ___ % of the participants noticed the changes.

Answer 7

20

Question 8

Land and Hayhoe (2001) found that _________ are most important in determining fixations when a person makes a peanut butter sandwich.

Answer 8

the task demands

Question 9

The important finding of Carrasco et al.’s (2004) research was that

Answer 9

the attended-to grating is perceived to have a higher contrast than another, identical grating.

Question 10

Larissa looks at a still picture of a football game. She uses her knowledge of football to look at the quarterback first, then the running backs, then the wide receivers, then the linebackers. This is an example of using ________ to guide attention.

Answer 10

knowledge

Question 11

Parkhurst et al. (2002) showed that observers make initial fixations in a visual scene based on

Answer 11

stimulus saliency

Question 12

According to Treisman, the ______ stage is the “glue” that combines all the incoming information about an object.

Answer 12

focused attention

Question 13

In the “I’m a Believer” scene at the end of the movie “Shrek,” the three blind mice are turned into the horses in one frame, but the next time we see them, they are dancing on a piano as mice. This is an example of __________, which can be a “real-life” example of _________ if you do not notice the switch.

Answer 13

a contingency break; inattentional blindness

Question 14

When presented with superimposed images of a house and a face, Mack is asked to focus on the house. This attentional “focus” results in

Answer 14

increased activity in the PPA

Question 15

“Learning from past experience” as a factor involved in attention was demonstrated by Shinoda et al. (2001), who showed that drivers are more likely to detect stop signs when they were positioned

Answer 15

at the intersection

Question 16

Which of the following is true regarding task-irrelevant stimuli?

Answer 16

They are least distracting when you are engaged in a difficult task.

Question 17

_____________ is when a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at the stimulus.

Answer 17

inattentional blindness

Question 18

Levin and Simons showed a video of two women having a conversation. As the view switches between the women, other things in the scene change. Which change was noticed by the majority of the participants?

Answer 18

none of the changes were reported by a majority of the participants

Question 19

When a person scans a visual scene, he/she usually makes about ____ fixation(s) per second.

Answer 19

3

Question 20

One aspect of the visual system that helps us select specific information from the environment for processing is

Answer 20

the concentration cones in the fovea

Question 21

Kelly is participating in an attention study. She is asked to fixate on a cross in the middle of the screen and watch for a word to appear in place of the cross. When the word appears she is using ______ attention to perceive it.

Answer 21

overt

Question 22

The finding that attention can spread within an object, thereby, enhancing detection at other places within the object is referred to as

Answer 22

same-object advantage

Question 23

Egly et al. (1994) showed that pre-cueing increases the efficiency of information processing

Answer 23

when the cue appears in the same rectangle as the target stimulus.