Chapter 13 Flashcards
Link et al. (2003) studied the perceived meaning of listeners’ to the phrase “Let’s do lunch sometime,” based on the speaker’s inflection and emotional state. These are examples of
indexical characteristic
Masakazu is a 4-month-old Japanese infant. When presented the phonemes /r/ and /l/, he will
be able to discriminate between these two phonemes
The existence of phonetic boundaries
has been demonstrated using discrimination experiments
Japanese children at the age of _______ can tell the difference between the /r/ sound and the /l/ sound just as well as American children.
6 months of age
Watkins, using transcranial magnetic stimulation, found that motor-evoked potentials were highest when the participant
both heard speech sounds and watched someone else’s lips make speech sounds
The vowel sound /ae/ (as in “had”) has
three formants
The ______ is the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of the word.
phonemes
Spectrograms of sentences show
no clear pauses or breaks between words
Top-down processing can help
segment acoustic signals.
recognize phonemes.
recognize words
Rubin et al. (1976) asked participants to respond when they heard a word that started with the /b/ sound. The average response time when real words were used was ____; and ______ when non-words were used.
580 msec; 631 msec
The discovery of ______ is used as support for the motor theory of speech perception.
audiovisual mirror neurons
A fan of science fiction television shows would be more likely to make sense of the phrase “Start Wreck In Tore Prize.” This demonstrates the importance of
meaning of segmentation
A person with Wernicke’s aphasia
produces fluent speech, but in nonsensical “word salads.”
A sound spectrogram is a plot of ______________ as a function of _____________, with darker areas representing greater intensity.
frequency; time
Which of the following can be considered an articulator?
the soft palate
Which of the following can be considered an articulator?
the soft palate
Damage to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe results in difficulty
in speaking
If a listener is asked to pay attention to speech provided by familiar voices, the _____ is activated, as shown by fMRI studies.
both FFA and STS
There are _____ phonemes for vowel sounds in the English language.
13
Miller and Isard presented listeners with grammatical sentences (“Gadgets simplify work around the house”); ungrammatical word strings (“Between gadgets highways passengers the steal”), and anomalous sentences (“Gadgets kill passengers from the eyes”). The results showed that the listener’s ability to accurately report the phrase was
highest for the grammatical condition, followed by anomalous, and then ungrammatical
Computer speech recognition is
worse than human speech recognition
Saffron et al. (1996) found that the ability to use transitional probabilities to segment sounds develops around
8 months old
Using fMRI, Belin et al., (2000) were able to reveal that, in humans, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) is
activated more for human voices than for other sounds
Saffron et al. (1996) found that 8-month-old infants listened to ______ test stimuli longer, providing evidence that infants are capable of __________ learning.
part word; statistical
The McGurk effect is most similar to which of the following performers?
ventriloquists
Warren showed that when a cough sound replaced the sound of the first /s/ in the word “legislatures,” listeners reported hearing
the cough and the /s/ sound, but the cough position was not correctly identified
The consonant sound “____” is produced by placing your bottom lip against your upper front teeth and then pushing the air between the lips and the teeth.
f
Micelli et al. (1980) found that brain damage to the parietal lobe caused the patient to have difficulty discriminating between syllables. Micelli et al found that
some of these patients could still understand words
The research by Rivera-Gaxiola on the effect of Spanish speech sounds on the electrical potentials of American infants shows that speech perception involves
experience-dependent plasticity
Listening to someone speak a foreign language you are not familiar with can lead to
the segmentation problem
The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
the pitch differences in different people’s voices.
the different accents of different speakers.
the speed at which the speaker talks.
The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
the pitch differences in different people’s voices.
the different accents of different speakers.
the speed at which the speaker talks.
Humans perceive the sound /b/ to be the same, even when the coarticulation of the sound is be different. This phenomenon is an example of
perceptual constancy
Your ability to read the sentence HVANCDY is used as an example of the importance of
top-down processing
The ubiquitous “Whazzup!” is a sloppy pronunciation of “What’s up?” The spectrograms of each of these two spoken phrases would indicate
Major differences between the two, especially in the middle of the spectrograms
Jessica looks at Ashlee on a videotape. Ashlee’s lips are making the movement for the sound /ga-ga/, but the sound that is actually presented is the acoustic signal for /ba-ba/. What sound is Jessica most likely to report hearing?
/da-da/
Brain scanning research has shown that the ________ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the _____ is responsible for locating sounds.
“What” (ventral) stream; “where” (dorsal) stream
The joke in the textbook with the punch line ‘yeah, right” is used as an example of
Sarcasm as a type of indexical characteristics
When you say “bat” and “boot,” the /b/ sound is articulated differently. This is an example of
coarticulation
The voice onset time (VOT) for the sound /da/ is 17 ms, and the VOT for the sound /ta/ is 91 msec. When a computer produces a sound with a VOT of 65 msec, listeners are likely to report hearing
the /ta/ sound
The ability to categorize speech sounds is found in infants as young as
one month old
Palmeri et al. (1993) had participants listen to a word list that was spoken by (1) the same speaker, or (2) different speakers. In a subsequent recognition memory test, participants were
More accurate when one speaker said all of the words
