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Psychology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three types of memory

A

Episodic memory, semantic memory, and implicit memory

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1
Q

Memory

A

Recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned from in the past

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2
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory of a specific event

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3
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Events so important we remember every detail

Part of episodic memory

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4
Q

Semantic memory

A

General information that we know
A. Do not remember where we acquired the info
B. Explicit memories=things that are clear or clearly stated

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5
Q

Implicit memories

A

Not clearly stated

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6
Q

What are the three processes of memory

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

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7
Q

Encoding includes

A

Visual, acoustic, and semantic

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8
Q

Encoding

A

Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored

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9
Q

Visual code

A

Mental pictures used to remember something

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10
Q

Acoustic codes

A

Using sounds to remember something

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11
Q

Semantic codes

A

Making sense out of something( try to find meaning )

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12
Q

What are parts of storage

A

Maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, organizational systems, and filing errors

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13
Q

Storage

A

Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time

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14
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Mechanical or rote repetition of information to keep from forgetting it

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15
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Relate new information to something you already know

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16
Q

Organizational systems

A

Filing system used to arrange learned information for later retrieval

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17
Q

Filing errors

A

Information filled incorrectly

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18
Q

What all are parts of retrieval

A

Context-dependent , state-dependent, and the tip-of-tongue

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19
Q

Context-dependent

A

Memories that come back to you in the place where they took place

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20
Q

Retrieval

A

Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought

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21
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Memories that return because the original mood in which they were made.(recreated)
(Includes same state of consciousness)

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22
Q

Tip of tongue

A

Feeling that you know something you just can’t retrieve

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23
Q

What are the three stages of memory

A

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

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24
Q

What are the parts of sensory memory

A

Memory trace, iconic memory, eidetic memory, and echoic memory

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25
Q

Memory trace

A

Visual impression that decays within a fraction of a second

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26
Q

Sensory memory

A

Immediate, initial, recording of data that enters through scenes

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27
Q

Iconic memory

A

Accurate, photographic memories

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28
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time

29
Q

Echoic memory

A

Mental traces of sound

*easier to remember than visual codes

30
Q

Short-term memory

A

Working memory; storage for information after the memory trace fades away

  • fades rapidly after several seconds
  • better to encode information as sounds to make it last longer
31
Q

What all parts does short-term memory consist of

A

Primacy effect, decency effect, chunking, and interference

32
Q

Primacy effect

A

Tendency to recall the initial items in a series (first)

33
Q

Recently effect

A

Tendency to recall the last items in a series

34
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into familiar or manageable parts

35
Q

George miller

A

Average person can hold a list of 7 items

36
Q

Interference

A

New information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what what was already there

37
Q

Lloyd and Margaret Peterson

A

-asked college students to remember three letter combinations( most recalled all of them )
Asked students to count backward by threes( when to,d to stop counting, we’re asked to recall the three letter combinations)
3 seconds of interference=about 50% recall
18 seconds of interference=hardly any recall

38
Q

Long-term memory

A

Last stage; holds information for extended period of time

39
Q

Memory of reconstruction

A

A. Wilder penfield=patients experienced what they thought were memories during surgery( stimulated parts of the brain
B. Elizabeth lotus=found that the memories evoked by penfield had little detail and we’re factually incorrect

40
Q

Schemas

A

The mental representations we form off the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge

41
Q

Lotus and Palmer

A
  • Showed subjects film of car crash
  • asked them to complete questionnaire about film
  • asked how fast the cars were going
    • one group told hit=said speed was 34
    • one group told smashed=said speed was 41
  • asked if there was broken glass
    • hit group=14% were incorrect
    • smashed group=32% were incorrect
42
Q

Capacity of memory

A

Have not found a limit to memory storage

43
Q

Forgetting

A

Can occur at any stage of time

44
Q

All parts of forgetting

A

Visual sensory, acoustic sensory, and short-term memory

45
Q

Visual sensory

A

Less than a second before forgetting

46
Q

Acoustic sensory

A

A few seconds before forgetting

47
Q

Short-term memory forgetting

A

10-12 seconds before forgetting

48
Q

Displaced

A

Information that is crowded out

49
Q

What are the basic memory tasks

A

Recognition, recall, and relearning

50
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying objects or events that have been encountered before
Easiest memory task

51
Q

Harry bahrick study

A

Yearbook photographs was his study

  • recent graduates recognized classmates 90% of the time
  • graduates out 40 years recognized 75% of the time
  • recognized photos rather than names
52
Q

Recall

A

Bring something back to mind

  • do not immediately recognize something
  • have to search for it and reconstruct it
53
Q

Hermann ebbinghuas and forgetting curve

A
  • ability to recall drops off quickly
  • half of items are forgotten in the first hour
  • memory loss becomes more gradual after first hour
54
Q

Relearning

A

Learn information again that was already known

55
Q

What are the different kinds of forgetting

A

Interference, repression, decay, and amnesia

56
Q

Interference

A

New information disrupts new information placed in memory

57
Q

Repression

A

Forgetting something on purpose without knowing it

58
Q

Amnesia

A

Severe memory loss often caused by trauma to the brain

59
Q

Decay

A

Fading away of a memory over time

60
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Forgetting the period leading up to a traumatic event

-time lost varies

61
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Memory loss after a traumatic event

-person loses ability to form new memories

62
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Not remembering events before the age of three

63
Q

Frued thought about infantile amnesia

A

Young children have aggressive and sexual feelings toward parents

64
Q

(Loftus) modern day said about infantile amnesia

A

Biological factors
-hippocampus doesn’t mature before age two
-memory formation inefficient until myelination of nerve cells
Cognitive factors
-infants aren’t interested in remembering past year
-information about specific episodes lost
-do not use language to encode events

65
Q

Parts of improving memory

A

Maintenance rehearsal, relate to something you know, form unusual associations, and use mnemonic devices

66
Q

Maintenance rehearsal( drill and practice )

A
  • go over the information again and again

- remembering names=use the name right away

67
Q

Relate to something you know

A
  • elaborative rehearsal
  • spelling “sentence” clues
  • construct links between items (foreign language words/English)
68
Q

Form unusual associations

A
  • unusual/humorous associations work best

- rhymes, pictures, etc.

69
Q

Use mnemonic devices

A
  • can combine chunks of information

- acronyms, phrases, jingles, etc.

Psychology (9 decks)

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