Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the three types of memory
Episodic memory, semantic memory, and implicit memory
Memory
Recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned from in the past
Episodic memory
Memory of a specific event
Flashbulb memory
Events so important we remember every detail
Part of episodic memory
Semantic memory
General information that we know
A. Do not remember where we acquired the info
B. Explicit memories=things that are clear or clearly stated
Implicit memories
Not clearly stated
What are the three processes of memory
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
Encoding includes
Visual, acoustic, and semantic
Encoding
Translation of information into a form in which it can be stored
Visual code
Mental pictures used to remember something
Acoustic codes
Using sounds to remember something
Semantic codes
Making sense out of something( try to find meaning )
What are parts of storage
Maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, organizational systems, and filing errors
Storage
Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time
Maintenance rehearsal
Mechanical or rote repetition of information to keep from forgetting it
Elaborative rehearsal
Relate new information to something you already know
Organizational systems
Filing system used to arrange learned information for later retrieval
Filing errors
Information filled incorrectly
What all are parts of retrieval
Context-dependent , state-dependent, and the tip-of-tongue
Context-dependent
Memories that come back to you in the place where they took place
Retrieval
Locating stored information and returning it to conscious thought
State-dependent memory
Memories that return because the original mood in which they were made.(recreated)
(Includes same state of consciousness)
Tip of tongue
Feeling that you know something you just can’t retrieve
What are the three stages of memory
Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
What are the parts of sensory memory
Memory trace, iconic memory, eidetic memory, and echoic memory
Memory trace
Visual impression that decays within a fraction of a second
Sensory memory
Immediate, initial, recording of data that enters through scenes
Iconic memory
Accurate, photographic memories
Eidetic memory
Ability to remember visual stimuli over long periods of time
Echoic memory
Mental traces of sound
*easier to remember than visual codes
Short-term memory
Working memory; storage for information after the memory trace fades away
- fades rapidly after several seconds
- better to encode information as sounds to make it last longer
What all parts does short-term memory consist of
Primacy effect, decency effect, chunking, and interference
Primacy effect
Tendency to recall the initial items in a series (first)
Recently effect
Tendency to recall the last items in a series
Chunking
Organizing information into familiar or manageable parts
George miller
Average person can hold a list of 7 items
Interference
New information appears in short-term memory and takes the place of what what was already there
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson
-asked college students to remember three letter combinations( most recalled all of them )
Asked students to count backward by threes( when to,d to stop counting, we’re asked to recall the three letter combinations)
3 seconds of interference=about 50% recall
18 seconds of interference=hardly any recall
Long-term memory
Last stage; holds information for extended period of time
Memory of reconstruction
A. Wilder penfield=patients experienced what they thought were memories during surgery( stimulated parts of the brain
B. Elizabeth lotus=found that the memories evoked by penfield had little detail and we’re factually incorrect
Schemas
The mental representations we form off the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
Lotus and Palmer
- Showed subjects film of car crash
- asked them to complete questionnaire about film
- asked how fast the cars were going
- one group told hit=said speed was 34
- one group told smashed=said speed was 41
- asked if there was broken glass
- hit group=14% were incorrect
- smashed group=32% were incorrect
Capacity of memory
Have not found a limit to memory storage
Forgetting
Can occur at any stage of time
All parts of forgetting
Visual sensory, acoustic sensory, and short-term memory
Visual sensory
Less than a second before forgetting
Acoustic sensory
A few seconds before forgetting
Short-term memory forgetting
10-12 seconds before forgetting
Displaced
Information that is crowded out
What are the basic memory tasks
Recognition, recall, and relearning
Recognition
Identifying objects or events that have been encountered before
Easiest memory task
Harry bahrick study
Yearbook photographs was his study
- recent graduates recognized classmates 90% of the time
- graduates out 40 years recognized 75% of the time
- recognized photos rather than names
Recall
Bring something back to mind
- do not immediately recognize something
- have to search for it and reconstruct it
Hermann ebbinghuas and forgetting curve
- ability to recall drops off quickly
- half of items are forgotten in the first hour
- memory loss becomes more gradual after first hour
Relearning
Learn information again that was already known
What are the different kinds of forgetting
Interference, repression, decay, and amnesia
Interference
New information disrupts new information placed in memory
Repression
Forgetting something on purpose without knowing it
Amnesia
Severe memory loss often caused by trauma to the brain
Decay
Fading away of a memory over time
Retrograde amnesia
Forgetting the period leading up to a traumatic event
-time lost varies
Anterograde amnesia
Memory loss after a traumatic event
-person loses ability to form new memories
Infantile amnesia
Not remembering events before the age of three
Frued thought about infantile amnesia
Young children have aggressive and sexual feelings toward parents
(Loftus) modern day said about infantile amnesia
Biological factors
-hippocampus doesn’t mature before age two
-memory formation inefficient until myelination of nerve cells
Cognitive factors
-infants aren’t interested in remembering past year
-information about specific episodes lost
-do not use language to encode events
Parts of improving memory
Maintenance rehearsal, relate to something you know, form unusual associations, and use mnemonic devices
Maintenance rehearsal( drill and practice )
- go over the information again and again
- remembering names=use the name right away
Relate to something you know
- elaborative rehearsal
- spelling “sentence” clues
- construct links between items (foreign language words/English)
Form unusual associations
- unusual/humorous associations work best
- rhymes, pictures, etc.
Use mnemonic devices
- can combine chunks of information
- acronyms, phrases, jingles, etc.
