Chapter 14 Flashcards
Trait
Aspect of personality that is considered to be stable
Personality
Patterns of feelings, motive and behavior that set people apart from one another
What did Hippocrates think
Fluids (humors) in body; combine to form personality traits
Hippocrates says too much yellow bile means?
Choleric personality; quick tempered disposition
Hippocrates says too much blood means?
Sanguine personality; warm and cheerful disposition
Hippocrates says too much phlegm means?
Phlegmatic personality; sluggish and cool personality
Hippocrates say too much black bile means?
Melancholic personality; thoughtful temperament
What can happen by the lack of balance of yellow bile, blood, phlegm and black bile
Diseases and disorders
What did Gordon Allport think
a) traits can be inherited
b) traits are fixed in the nervous system
c) traits are building blocks of personality
What did Hans J. Eysenck think
a) two personality dimensions
1) introversion-extroversion
2) emotional stability-emotional instability
Hans tie to Hippocrates
Choleric: extroverted-unstable
Sanguine: extroverted-stable
Phlegmatic: introverted-stable
Melancholic: introverted-unstable
General information on psychoanalysis
1) All people undergo inner struggles
2) People are born with biological drives
3) Unconscious=deepest thoughts, fears and urges that remain out of awareness
- psychoanalysis
- dream analysis
- hypnosis
Psychoanalysis
People are encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind
Dream analysis
Record dreams and look for hidden meanings
Hypnosis
Trancelike state where people state unconscious thoughts
Defense mechanisms
Methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause anxiety
Repression
Pushing anxiety causing ideas into unconscious
*people may tend to develop psychological and emotional problems if too much is repressed
Rationalization
Use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors/ideas
* can protect self-esteem or self-concept * masks real reason for behavior; prevents dealing with situation
Regression
Returning to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development
*usually temporary
Projection
People see their own faults in other people (projecting unacceptable impulses outward onto other people) or hypocrites
*may think the world is a dangerous place
Id
Represents basic drives
- first structure of mind - demands pleasure through instant gratification - pleasure principle
Pleasure principle
Urge for immediate release of energy or emotion; will bring personal gratification, relief or pleasure
Ego
Stands for reason and good sense
- reality principle - seeks to satisfy Id in ways consistent with reality - acts as censor that screens out the wild impulses
Reality principle
The understanding that we cannot always get what we want
Superego
Morally righteous
- moral principle - acts as conscience - sends messages of guilt and shame
Moral principle
Provides us with moral sense by incorporating standards and values of parents and community
Oral stage
First year of life
- infants explore world by putting things in their mouths
- infants receive main pleasure (food) with their mouths
- infants survival dependent on attention of adults
* if needs aren’t met, may become fixated at oral stage
* examples:smoking, overeating, excessive talking, and nail biting
* adults might have clinging interpersonal relationships
Anal stage
Ages 1 and a half to 2 and a half
- learn they can control bodily functions
- issue of self-control becomes vital
- conflict can lead to two personality traits:
- anal-retentive traits or anal-expulsive traits
Anal retentive traits
Excessive need for order and cleanliness
Anal-expulsive traits
Careless and messy
The phallic stage
Age 3
- children discover the physical differences in boys and girls
- become more focused on own bodies
- develop strong attachments to parent of opposite sex
- view same sex parent as a rival for other parent’s affection
- can lead to several psychological disorders (depression and anxiety)
The latency stage
Ages 5 or 6
- children retreat from conflict with parents and repress aggressive urges
- impulses and emotions remain hidden (unconscious)
The genital stage
Puberty
- no major conflicts
- become aware of gender identity
Stages of personality development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
Analytical psychology
Places greater emphasis on the influence of shared symbols and religion on human behavior
Collective unconscious
Store of human concepts shared by all people across all cultures
Archetypes
Ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings
- supreme being, young hero, fertile and nurturing mother, wise old man, hostile brother, fairy godmothers, wicked witches, rebirth and resurrection
- often appear as figures in dreams
- images influence our thoughts and feelings
- help form a foundation that personality develops on
What are the four main archetypes
Self, shadow, anima/animus, and persona
Self
The center of the human psyche and personality; unifies consciousness and unconsciousness; total unity; God; often symbolized by a circular image called a mandala
Shadow
The darker side of human nature; embodies chaos and uncontrollable or unacceptable emotions; often represented by devil figures or mysterious enemies
Anima
Feminine qualities within a man’s personality
Animus
Masculine qualities within a women’s personality
Persona
The public self; the image or character that a person wants to show to the outside world
Alfred Adler
- Inferiority complex
- feelings of inferiority may be based on physical problems and need to compensate for them
- may also be because of small size as children
- gives rise to drive for superiority
- sibling rivalry
- self=awareness play major role in formation of personality
- creative self=capable of free will and self-determination
- strives to overcome physical and environmental obstacles
What did Karen Horney
- childhood experiences play major role in adult personality
- greatest influences: social relationships and parent-child relationship
- basic anxiety=parents treat children with indifference or harshness
- feelings of hostility resulted because they resented neglectful parents
- children would repress feelings of hostility (fear driving their parents away)
- difference from Freud: genuine and consistent love could temper effects of painful childhood
What did Erik Erikson think
- social relationships are most important factors for personality
- placed emphasis on emotional climate of mother-infant relationship
- granted more powers to the ego than Freud
- freud: people think they are making choices, but may be the compromises forced by inner conflict
- erikson: people are capable of consciously making real and meaningful choices
Socialization
Process by which people learn socially desirable of their culture and adopt them as part of their personalities
-focus on learning by observation and role of cognitive processes that produce individual differences
What did Albert bandura think
Any behavior could be learned from direct experience and learned observing and modeling others
Bobo doll
- inflatable toy on platform that bounces back when hit
- focus: do people learn aggressive behavior from modeling?
Bobo doll study
- Children ages 3-6
- half the children watched adult aggressively hit doll
- the same children were more violent toward doll
Bobo doll later study
- Children who saw adult punished for aggressive behavior were less likely to copy behavior
- children learn what is acceptable by watching and modeling
Social cognitive theory
Personality is shaped and learning is acquired by interactions of…
- personal factors: thoughts, beliefs, values, expectations, emotional disposition and biological and genetic and genetic makeup
- behavior: one's actions and experience
- environment factors: social, cultural and political forces - persons environment provides models for behavior - people can act intentionally to influence the environment - learn about their environment to have control over reinforcement
Humanistic personality psychologists
- self-awareness is core of humanity
- focus on people’s pursuit of self-fulfillment and ethical conduct
- people are free to choose and are responsible for the choices they make
What did Abraham Maslow think
- humans recognize a desire to achieve self-actualization
- people are unique and must follow own path
- people who stick to tried and true=boring and predictable
- hierarchy of needs=each need had to be filled before next one could be addressed
- psychological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs
- once first three are met, esteem and self-actualization become more important
- hierarchy is sequential but people progress in different ways
Psychological needs
Water, air, food and sleep
-foundation(1)
Security needs
Safety and security (2)
-shelter, employment, health insurance, safe environments
Social needs
Love, belonging and acceptance
-(3) family, friends, romantic attachments
Esteem needs
Self-esteem, respect, social recognition and accomplishments(4)
Self-actualization needs
Self-awareness and personal growth (achieve full potential)
-(5)
