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Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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0
Q

Trait

A

Aspect of personality that is considered to be stable

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1
Q

Personality

A

Patterns of feelings, motive and behavior that set people apart from one another

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2
Q

What did Hippocrates think

A

Fluids (humors) in body; combine to form personality traits

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3
Q

Hippocrates says too much yellow bile means?

A

Choleric personality; quick tempered disposition

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4
Q

Hippocrates says too much blood means?

A

Sanguine personality; warm and cheerful disposition

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5
Q

Hippocrates says too much phlegm means?

A

Phlegmatic personality; sluggish and cool personality

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6
Q

Hippocrates say too much black bile means?

A

Melancholic personality; thoughtful temperament

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7
Q

What can happen by the lack of balance of yellow bile, blood, phlegm and black bile

A

Diseases and disorders

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8
Q

What did Gordon Allport think

A

a) traits can be inherited
b) traits are fixed in the nervous system
c) traits are building blocks of personality

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9
Q

What did Hans J. Eysenck think

A

a) two personality dimensions
1) introversion-extroversion
2) emotional stability-emotional instability

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10
Q

Hans tie to Hippocrates

A

Choleric: extroverted-unstable
Sanguine: extroverted-stable
Phlegmatic: introverted-stable
Melancholic: introverted-unstable

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11
Q

General information on psychoanalysis

A

1) All people undergo inner struggles
2) People are born with biological drives
3) Unconscious=deepest thoughts, fears and urges that remain out of awareness
- psychoanalysis
- dream analysis
- hypnosis

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

People are encouraged to talk about anything that comes to mind

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13
Q

Dream analysis

A

Record dreams and look for hidden meanings

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14
Q

Hypnosis

A

Trancelike state where people state unconscious thoughts

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15
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

Methods the ego uses to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause anxiety

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16
Q

Repression

A

Pushing anxiety causing ideas into unconscious

*people may tend to develop psychological and emotional problems if too much is repressed

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17
Q

Rationalization

A

Use of self-deception to justify unacceptable behaviors/ideas

 * can protect self-esteem or self-concept
 * masks real reason for behavior; prevents      dealing with situation
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18
Q

Regression

A

Returning to behavior that is characteristic of an earlier stage of development
*usually temporary

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19
Q

Projection

A

People see their own faults in other people (projecting unacceptable impulses outward onto other people) or hypocrites
*may think the world is a dangerous place

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20
Q

Id

A

Represents basic drives

- first structure of mind 
- demands pleasure through instant gratification 
- pleasure principle
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21
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Urge for immediate release of energy or emotion; will bring personal gratification, relief or pleasure

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22
Q

Ego

A

Stands for reason and good sense

- reality principle
- seeks to satisfy Id in ways consistent with reality 
- acts as censor that screens out the wild impulses
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23
Q

Reality principle

A

The understanding that we cannot always get what we want

24
Q

Superego

A

Morally righteous

- moral principle 
- acts as conscience 
- sends messages of guilt and shame
25
Q

Moral principle

A

Provides us with moral sense by incorporating standards and values of parents and community

26
Q

Oral stage

A

First year of life

  • infants explore world by putting things in their mouths
  • infants receive main pleasure (food) with their mouths
  • infants survival dependent on attention of adults
    * if needs aren’t met, may become fixated at oral stage
    * examples:smoking, overeating, excessive talking, and nail biting
    * adults might have clinging interpersonal relationships
27
Q

Anal stage

A

Ages 1 and a half to 2 and a half

  • learn they can control bodily functions
  • issue of self-control becomes vital
  • conflict can lead to two personality traits:
    • anal-retentive traits or anal-expulsive traits
28
Q

Anal retentive traits

A

Excessive need for order and cleanliness

29
Q

Anal-expulsive traits

A

Careless and messy

30
Q

The phallic stage

A

Age 3

  • children discover the physical differences in boys and girls
  • become more focused on own bodies
  • develop strong attachments to parent of opposite sex
  • view same sex parent as a rival for other parent’s affection
  • can lead to several psychological disorders (depression and anxiety)
31
Q

The latency stage

A

Ages 5 or 6

  • children retreat from conflict with parents and repress aggressive urges
  • impulses and emotions remain hidden (unconscious)
32
Q

The genital stage

A

Puberty

  • no major conflicts
  • become aware of gender identity
33
Q

Stages of personality development

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

34
Q

Analytical psychology

A

Places greater emphasis on the influence of shared symbols and religion on human behavior

35
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Store of human concepts shared by all people across all cultures

36
Q

Archetypes

A

Ideas and images of the accumulated experience of all human beings

  • supreme being, young hero, fertile and nurturing mother, wise old man, hostile brother, fairy godmothers, wicked witches, rebirth and resurrection
  • often appear as figures in dreams
  • images influence our thoughts and feelings
  • help form a foundation that personality develops on
37
Q

What are the four main archetypes

A

Self, shadow, anima/animus, and persona

38
Q

Self

A

The center of the human psyche and personality; unifies consciousness and unconsciousness; total unity; God; often symbolized by a circular image called a mandala

39
Q

Shadow

A

The darker side of human nature; embodies chaos and uncontrollable or unacceptable emotions; often represented by devil figures or mysterious enemies

40
Q

Anima

A

Feminine qualities within a man’s personality

41
Q

Animus

A

Masculine qualities within a women’s personality

42
Q

Persona

A

The public self; the image or character that a person wants to show to the outside world

43
Q

Alfred Adler

A
  • Inferiority complex
  • feelings of inferiority may be based on physical problems and need to compensate for them
  • may also be because of small size as children
    • gives rise to drive for superiority
    • sibling rivalry
  • self=awareness play major role in formation of personality
  • creative self=capable of free will and self-determination
    • strives to overcome physical and environmental obstacles
44
Q

What did Karen Horney

A
  • childhood experiences play major role in adult personality
  • greatest influences: social relationships and parent-child relationship
  • basic anxiety=parents treat children with indifference or harshness
    • feelings of hostility resulted because they resented neglectful parents
    • children would repress feelings of hostility (fear driving their parents away)
  • difference from Freud: genuine and consistent love could temper effects of painful childhood
45
Q

What did Erik Erikson think

A
  • social relationships are most important factors for personality
  • placed emphasis on emotional climate of mother-infant relationship
  • granted more powers to the ego than Freud
  • freud: people think they are making choices, but may be the compromises forced by inner conflict
  • erikson: people are capable of consciously making real and meaningful choices
46
Q

Socialization

A

Process by which people learn socially desirable of their culture and adopt them as part of their personalities
-focus on learning by observation and role of cognitive processes that produce individual differences

47
Q

What did Albert bandura think

A

Any behavior could be learned from direct experience and learned observing and modeling others

48
Q

Bobo doll

A
  • inflatable toy on platform that bounces back when hit

- focus: do people learn aggressive behavior from modeling?

49
Q

Bobo doll study

A
  • Children ages 3-6
  • half the children watched adult aggressively hit doll
  • the same children were more violent toward doll
50
Q

Bobo doll later study

A
  • Children who saw adult punished for aggressive behavior were less likely to copy behavior
  • children learn what is acceptable by watching and modeling
51
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Personality is shaped and learning is acquired by interactions of…

    - personal factors: thoughts, beliefs, values, expectations, emotional disposition and biological and genetic and genetic makeup 
    - behavior: one's actions and experience 
    - environment factors: social, cultural and political forces  - persons environment provides models for behavior  - people can act intentionally to influence the environment  - learn about their environment to have control over reinforcement
52
Q

Humanistic personality psychologists

A
  • self-awareness is core of humanity
  • focus on people’s pursuit of self-fulfillment and ethical conduct
  • people are free to choose and are responsible for the choices they make
53
Q

What did Abraham Maslow think

A
  • humans recognize a desire to achieve self-actualization
  • people are unique and must follow own path
  • people who stick to tried and true=boring and predictable
  • hierarchy of needs=each need had to be filled before next one could be addressed
  • psychological needs, security needs, social needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs
  • once first three are met, esteem and self-actualization become more important
  • hierarchy is sequential but people progress in different ways
54
Q

Psychological needs

A

Water, air, food and sleep

-foundation(1)

55
Q

Security needs

A

Safety and security (2)

-shelter, employment, health insurance, safe environments

56
Q

Social needs

A

Love, belonging and acceptance

-(3) family, friends, romantic attachments

57
Q

Esteem needs

A

Self-esteem, respect, social recognition and accomplishments(4)

58
Q

Self-actualization needs

A

Self-awareness and personal growth (achieve full potential)

-(5)

Psychology (9 decks)

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