Chapter 3 Flashcards
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
Somatic and autonomic systems
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
What does the autonomic system consist of?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic system
Peripheral nervous system
Nerve cells that send messages between the central nervous system and other parts of the body
What all makes up a neuron
Cell body, myelin, axon, dendrites, axon terminals, and synapse
Neurons
Nerve cells that run through our entire bodies and communicate with each other
Cell body ( nucleus )
Produces energy that fuels the neurons activities
Myelin
Fatty substance that insulates and protects the axon
Axon
Transmits messages away from cell body
Dendrites
Receives information from other neurons and passes through the cell body
Axon terminals
Small fibers at the end of the axon
Synapse
Junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another
Sensory neurons
Nerve cells that carry information received by senses to the central nervous system
Motor neurons
Nerve cells that carry information received from central nervous system to muscles and glands
What is the communication process
a. messages sent from axon terminals to dendrites
- synapse
- sensory neurons
- motor neurons
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals that are stored in axon terminals; released to help send messages
What are the neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin
Acetylcholine
- Involved in control of muscles
- Involved in learning and memory
- if decreases, formation of memories impaired
Dopamine *****
- Involved in motor behavior
- Deficiency plays role in Parkinson’s disease
- Excessive amount contributes to schizophrenia
Noradrenaline
Preparing the body for action
Serotonin
Involved in emotional arousal and sleep
Somatic nervous system
Transmits sensory messages to the cns
What are some thing’s to know about the somatic nervous system?
A. Carry messages from voluntary muscles and sense organs
B. Able to experience heat, cold, pain and pressure
C. Alerts us when body parts move and change positions
D. Helps maintain posture and balance
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates the body’s vital functions
What are some things to know about the autonomic nervous system?
A. Don’t have to think about these activities
B. Essential for keeping us alive
-heartbeat
-breathing
-digestion
-blood pressure
C. Split into two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system
Responds to stress
What are some stuff you should know about the sympathetic nervous system?
A. Prepares body for “ fight or flight “
B. Suppresses digestion
C. Increases heart and respiration rate
D. Elevates blood pressure
Parasympathetic nervous system
Calms the body
What are som things to know about the parasympathetic nervous system?
A. Called “ rest and digest “ response
B. Heart rate and blood pressure normalize
C. Breathing slows
D. Digestion returns to normal
Hindbrain
Is in control of vital functions
- heartbeat
- respiration
- pulse
Midbrain
Controls vision and hearing
Forebrain
Controls complex functions, thoughts and emotion
What does the hindbrain consist of?
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Medulla
Involved in vital functions such as heart rate, blood pressure and breathing
Pons
Regulating body movement, attention, sleep and alertness
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
What does the midbrain consist of ?
Reticular activating system
Reticular activating system
Important for attention, sleep, and arousal
What does the forebrain consist of ?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex, and corpus callosum
Thalamus
Serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation
Hypothalamus
Vital to regulation of body temperature storage of nutrients and motivation/emotion
Limbic system ****
Forms a border around the brain stem
Things you should know about the hypothalamus ?
A. Includes:
-hunger
-thirst
-sexual behavior
-caring for offspring
-aggression
B. Disturbances lead to drinking and eating behaviorsThings you should know about the limbic system
A. Includes:
-learning and memory, emotion, hunger, sex, and aggression
B. Controls behavior necessary for survival
-distinguish between agreeable and disagreeable situations
-forms emotional memories of situations that help the person respond and adapt to situations
C. If a particular part is damaged it can’t form new memories
Cerebrum
Site of most conscious and intellectual activity
-makes up 70% of brains weight
Cerebral cortex
Outer layer of the brain
Things you should know about the cerebral cortex?
A. The part that makes us uniquely human
B. Deals with: memory, languge, emotions, complex motor functions, and perception
Corpus callosum
Structure that connects the two hemispheres
What are the four lobes
Occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe
Occipital lobe
Primary area of the cerebral cortex
Temporal lobe
Involved with hearing
Parietal lobe
Receives skins sensory information
Frontal lobe
Lies behind forehead, emotions and judgements
Broca’s area
Controls area of face used for speaking
- if damaged people will speak slowly and laboriously
Wernicke’s area
Pieces together sights and sounds
- if damaged people can’t understand speech and speech is meaningless
Left hemisphere
In charge of ….
- language
- logic
- problem solving
- mathematical
Right hemisphere
In charge of ….
- imagination
- art
- feelings
- spatial relations
Endocrine system
A. Three endocrine glands=consists of glands that secrete substances into the bloodstream
Nature
What people inherit( genetics )
List of nature
Physical appearance
Intelligence
Abilities in math, arts, language, etc.
Nurture
Environmental factors( what a person is exposed to in life )
List of nurture
Family Education Culture( media ) Living conditions Experiences
Nature argument
People’s traits and personality determined by biological makeup
Nurture argument
Environment we live in and experiences determine how we behave and think
The pituitary gland
A. “ the master gland “
B. Stimulated by the hypothalamus
C. May affect adrenals, thyroid and ovaries or testes
D. Human growth hormone- regulates growth of muscles, bones, and glands
The thyroid gland
A. Produces thyroxin-affects metabolism
Hypothyroidism ****
Too little thyroxin
- sluggish
- overweight
- cretinism=stunted growth and mental retardation
Hyperthyroidism
Too much thyroxin
- excitability
- inability to sleep
- weight loss
Adrenal gland ****
A. Secretes cortical steroids=increase resistance to stress and promote muscle development
B. Produce adrenaline and noradrenaline=prepare a body for fight or flight
-intensifies emotions and raises blood pressure
Anabolic steroids
Synthetic steroids used to enhance performance or body appearance
What gland produces testosterone ?
Testes or ovaries
How does a message travel through a neuron?
Axon terminals->dendrites->cell body(nucleus)->myelin->axon->axon terminals
Things to know about the reticular activating system
- In all parts of the brain
- Stimulation makes us alert
- Drugs and alcohol reduce activity causing slow reactions
What does the cerebral cortex do ?
- The part that makes us uniquely human
- Deals with:
- memory, language, emotions, complex motor functions, perception
Things to know about the cerebral cortex **
Made up of two hemispheres
Corpus callosum holds those hemispheres together
Information from one side of body transmitted to other side
Divided into four lobes-parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital
Wernickes area *****
Pieces together sights and sounds
-damage can’t understand speech and speech is meaningless
Broca’s area *****
Controls area of face used for speaking
Damage -people speak slowly and laboriously
