Chapter 10 Section 3 Flashcards
Mary Ainsworth study
- infants prefer being held or with someone
- four months: infants develop specific attachments to main caregivers
Attachment
Emotional ties that form between people
Stranger anxiety
(8 months) fear of strangers
Separation anxiety
(8 months) act in ways of distress if mother leaves
Contact comfort
Instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft
Harry Harlow study
Put infant monkeys in cages with two mothers
- one was wire and held a bottle
- other was soft terry cloth with no bottle
- monkeys clung to cloth mother more
- attachment grows from bodily contact rather than feeding
Harlow and Zimmerman study
Placed toys in cages with infant monkeys
- some had wire mothers and others had terry cloth mothers
- monkeys with wire mothers=cringed with fear
- monkeys with terry cloth mothers=cringed but eventually explored
Imprinting
Process by which some animals form immediate attachments during a critical period
A. Humans don’t do this
Secure attachment characteristics
1) primary caregivers are affectionate and reliable
2) bonded to caregivers
3) cry or protest when caregiver leaves
4) welcome caregiver back when return
Insecure attachment characteristics
1) Caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable
2) don’t mind when caregiver leaves
3) make little or no effort to seek contact when caregiver returns
4) May cry when picked up (angry with caregiver)
Characteristics of secure children
1) happier, friendlier, and more cooperative with parents and teachers
2) get along better with other children
3) less likely to misbehave
4) more likely to do well in school
Autism
Developmental disorder that prevents children from forming proper attachment with others
Autism characteristics
A) creates social, cognitive, behavioral and physical problems
B) have difficulty processing sensory information( can’t relate to environment )
C) limits communication with others(speech may be limited)
D) in infants
-may go limp or become stiff and rigid when held
-may cry when picked up
-do not notice affection from parents(attachment is absent)
-may show no stranger anxiety
Warm parent characteristics
1) show great deal of affection for children
2) show children they are happy to spend time with them
Cold parent characteristics
1) may not be affectionate
2) do not appear to enjoy children as much
Children of warm parents
1) well adjusted
2) more likely to develop a conscience(know right from wrong)
Children of cold parents
1) more interested in escaping punishment than in doing right thing
Strict parents
Impose many rules and supervise children closely
Permissive parents
1) impose fewer rules and watch children less closely
2) less concerned about neatness and cleanliness
Why are parents strict
1) cannot tolerate disorder
2) fear children will run wild and get into trouble
Why are parents permissive
1) believe children need freedom to express themselves
2) less concerned or have little time to monitor children’s behavior
What can strictness sometimes do
Foster achievement and self control
Authoritative parents
Combine warmth with age appropriate rules and responsibilities
Children of authoritative parents
1) more independent and achievement oriented
2) children feel better about themselves
Authoritarian parents
Believe in obedience for its own sake
Children of authoritarian parents
1) have strict guidelines the are expected to follow without question
2) children may become resistant to other people/ dependent on them
3) do not do well in school
4) tend to be less friendly and less spontaneous
What are the types of abuse
Abuse includes physical, sexual and psychological
*often unreported
Physical abuse
Physical assault on child
* (Striking, kicking, shaking and choking) - can include alcohol or illegal drug exposure
Sexual abuse
Sexual victimization or exploitation of a child by older child, adolescent or adult
-80% of cases: child knows the perpetrator
Neglect (psychological)
Failure to give a child adequate food, shelter, clothing, emotional support or schooling
Why do parents abuse or neglect
a. Stress (unemployment and poverty)
b. History of physical or sexual abuse in parent’s family origin
c. Acceptance of violence as a way of coping with stress
d. Lack of attachment to the child
e. Substance abuse
f. Rigid attitudes about child rearing
Characteristics of abused children
a. Have higher risk for psychological problems
- anxiety
- depression
- low self-esteem
b. Tend to be unsure of themselves
c. Less likely to venture out and explore the world
d. Less likely to be close to their peers
e. More likely to engage in aggressive behavior
Child care study
Adequate resources, caregivers and individual attention are important
Child care full-time daycare
a. Show less distress when mother leaves
b. Less likely to seek mother when she returns
c. More likely to share toys
d. Be independent, self-confident and outgoing
Child care other studies
a. Children less cooperative and more aggressive
b. Don’t receive individual attention
Self-esteem
Value or worth that people attach to themselves
Self-esteem with secure attachment
High self-esteem
Self-esteem with authoritative parenting
High self-esteem
Carl Rogers experiment
1) unconditioned positive regard=parents love and accept children no matter how they behave
* high self esteem
2) conditional positive regard=parents show love only when children behave in certain acceptable ways
* low self esteem
conditional positive regard
Parents show love only when children behave in certain acceptable ways
*low self esteem
unconditioned positive regard
Parents love and accept children no matter how they behave
*high self esteem
Gender and self esteem
1) ages 5 to 7=value is placed on physical appearances and performance in school
2) girls=reading and general academic skills
3) boys=math and physical skills
Age and self esteem
1) gain experience in learning skills
2) self esteem declines during elementary school
3) low point at age 12 to 13
4) increases again during adolescence
Self esteem trap
1) myth: greater self esteem would fix society
2) 2000 study
- high self esteem did not lead to higher grades
- getting good grades promoted high self esteem
Stereotype of bullies
False; they have high self esteem
Child abuse running in family
Children imitate their parents behavior
(Don’t seek other ways to cope)
Adopt parents ideas about discipline
