Chapter 10 Section 3

Question 0

Mary Ainsworth study

Answer 0

• infants prefer being held or with someone

- four months: infants develop specific attachments to main caregivers

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

Emotional ties that form between people

Question 2

Stranger anxiety

Answer 2

(8 months) fear of strangers

Question 3

Separation anxiety

Answer 3

(8 months) act in ways of distress if mother leaves

Question 4

Contact comfort

Answer 4

Instinctual need to touch and be touched by something soft

Question 5

Harry Harlow study

Answer 5

Put infant monkeys in cages with two mothers

• one was wire and held a bottle
• other was soft terry cloth with no bottle
• monkeys clung to cloth mother more
• attachment grows from bodily contact rather than feeding

Question 6

Harlow and Zimmerman study

Answer 6

Placed toys in cages with infant monkeys

• some had wire mothers and others had terry cloth mothers
• monkeys with wire mothers=cringed with fear
• monkeys with terry cloth mothers=cringed but eventually explored

Question 7

Imprinting

Answer 7

Process by which some animals form immediate attachments during a critical period
A. Humans don’t do this

Question 8

Secure attachment characteristics

Answer 8

1) primary caregivers are affectionate and reliable
2) bonded to caregivers
3) cry or protest when caregiver leaves
4) welcome caregiver back when return

Question 9

Insecure attachment characteristics

Answer 9

1) Caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable
2) don’t mind when caregiver leaves
3) make little or no effort to seek contact when caregiver returns
4) May cry when picked up (angry with caregiver)

Question 10

Characteristics of secure children

Answer 10

1) happier, friendlier, and more cooperative with parents and teachers
2) get along better with other children
3) less likely to misbehave
4) more likely to do well in school

Question 11

Autism

Answer 11

Developmental disorder that prevents children from forming proper attachment with others

Question 12

Autism characteristics

Answer 12

A) creates social, cognitive, behavioral and physical problems
B) have difficulty processing sensory information( can’t relate to environment )
C) limits communication with others(speech may be limited)
D) in infants
-may go limp or become stiff and rigid when held
-may cry when picked up
-do not notice affection from parents(attachment is absent)
-may show no stranger anxiety

Question 13

Warm parent characteristics

Answer 13

1) show great deal of affection for children

2) show children they are happy to spend time with them

Question 14

Cold parent characteristics

Answer 14

1) may not be affectionate

2) do not appear to enjoy children as much

Question 15

Children of warm parents

Answer 15

1) well adjusted

2) more likely to develop a conscience(know right from wrong)

Question 16

Children of cold parents

Answer 16

1) more interested in escaping punishment than in doing right thing

Question 17

Strict parents

Answer 17

Impose many rules and supervise children closely

Question 18

Permissive parents

Answer 18

1) impose fewer rules and watch children less closely

2) less concerned about neatness and cleanliness

Question 19

Why are parents strict

Answer 19

1) cannot tolerate disorder

2) fear children will run wild and get into trouble

Question 20

Why are parents permissive

Answer 20

1) believe children need freedom to express themselves

2) less concerned or have little time to monitor children’s behavior

Question 21

What can strictness sometimes do

Answer 21

Foster achievement and self control

Question 22

Authoritative parents

Answer 22

Combine warmth with age appropriate rules and responsibilities

Question 23

Children of authoritative parents

Answer 23

1) more independent and achievement oriented

2) children feel better about themselves

Question 24

Authoritarian parents

Answer 24

Believe in obedience for its own sake

Question 25

Children of authoritarian parents

Answer 25

1) have strict guidelines the are expected to follow without question
2) children may become resistant to other people/ dependent on them
3) do not do well in school
4) tend to be less friendly and less spontaneous

Question 26

What are the types of abuse

Answer 26

Abuse includes physical, sexual and psychological

*often unreported

Question 27

Physical abuse

Answer 27

Physical assault on child

 * (Striking, kicking, shaking and choking)    - can include alcohol or illegal drug exposure

Question 28

Sexual abuse

Answer 28

Sexual victimization or exploitation of a child by older child, adolescent or adult
-80% of cases: child knows the perpetrator

Question 29

Neglect (psychological)

Answer 29

Failure to give a child adequate food, shelter, clothing, emotional support or schooling

Question 30

Why do parents abuse or neglect

Answer 30

a. Stress (unemployment and poverty)
b. History of physical or sexual abuse in parent’s family origin
c. Acceptance of violence as a way of coping with stress
d. Lack of attachment to the child
e. Substance abuse
f. Rigid attitudes about child rearing

Question 31

Characteristics of abused children

Answer 31

a. Have higher risk for psychological problems
- anxiety
- depression
- low self-esteem
b. Tend to be unsure of themselves
c. Less likely to venture out and explore the world
d. Less likely to be close to their peers
e. More likely to engage in aggressive behavior

Question 32

Child care study

Answer 32

Adequate resources, caregivers and individual attention are important

Question 33

Child care full-time daycare

Answer 33

a. Show less distress when mother leaves
b. Less likely to seek mother when she returns
c. More likely to share toys
d. Be independent, self-confident and outgoing

Question 34

Child care other studies

Answer 34

a. Children less cooperative and more aggressive

b. Don’t receive individual attention

Question 35

Self-esteem

Answer 35

Value or worth that people attach to themselves

Question 36

Self-esteem with secure attachment

Answer 36

High self-esteem

Question 37

Self-esteem with authoritative parenting

Answer 37

High self-esteem

Question 38

Carl Rogers experiment

Answer 38

1) unconditioned positive regard=parents love and accept children no matter how they behave
* high self esteem
2) conditional positive regard=parents show love only when children behave in certain acceptable ways
* low self esteem

Question 39

conditional positive regard

Answer 39

Parents show love only when children behave in certain acceptable ways
*low self esteem

Question 40

unconditioned positive regard

Answer 40

Parents love and accept children no matter how they behave

*high self esteem

Question 41

Gender and self esteem

Answer 41

1) ages 5 to 7=value is placed on physical appearances and performance in school
2) girls=reading and general academic skills
3) boys=math and physical skills

Question 42

Age and self esteem

Answer 42

1) gain experience in learning skills
2) self esteem declines during elementary school
3) low point at age 12 to 13
4) increases again during adolescence

Question 43

Self esteem trap

Answer 43

1) myth: greater self esteem would fix society
2) 2000 study
- high self esteem did not lead to higher grades
- getting good grades promoted high self esteem

Question 44

Stereotype of bullies

Answer 44

False; they have high self esteem

Question 45

Child abuse running in family

Answer 45

Children imitate their parents behavior
(Don’t seek other ways to cope)
Adopt parents ideas about discipline