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Psychology > Chapter 10 Sections 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Sections 1 + 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Why do we study infancy and childhood

A

a. Childhood experiences affect people later in life
b. Studying early stages help psychologists learn about developmental problems
c. Look at physical development, social development and cognitive development

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Field in which psychologists study how people grow and change throughout their lifespan

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2
Q

Heredity and environment

A

Debate of nature (heredity) vs. nurture (environment)-which is more influential?

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3
Q

Longitudinal method

A

Select a group of participants and observe, same group over long period of time

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4
Q

Advantage of longitudinal method

A

Observe same people; long period of time, so more better data.
LERNCE, “MORE BETTER” IS A HORRIBLE PHRASE AN DOES NOT MAKE SENSE.

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5
Q

Disadvantage of longitudinal method

A

Long period of time; both time consuming and expensive, also study may alter behavior

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6
Q

Cross-sectional method

A

Select a sample that includes people of different ages

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7
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional method

A

Less-time consuming; less expensive

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8
Q

Disadvantages of cross-sectional method

A

People may not represent same characters

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9
Q

Nature

A

Heredity; your genes

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10
Q

Nurture

A

Environment; what you grew up in

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11
Q

Maturation

A

Automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals (happens automatically and on genetic time table) basically puberty

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12
Q

Critical period

A

Stage or point in development during which a person is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior pattern

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13
Q

Arnold Gesell

A

Felt maturation played most important role

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14
Q

John Watson

A

Focused on behaviorism

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15
Q

John Locke

A

Thought infants were like blank slates( tabula rosa )

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16
Q

Stages

A

Like climbing stairs (each step is distinct level)

17
Q

Continuity

A

Walking up an incline (gradual increase to top without levels)

18
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive development (every develops in 4 stages)

19
Q

Erik Erickson

A

Role of social relationships (8 stages to master)

20
Q

Stages points

A

Period or level in development that is distinct from other levels
Such as sitting crawling standing then walking

21
Q

Continuity points

A

Can occur almost unnoticed

22
Q

J. H. Flavell

A

Cognitive development is continuous

23
Q

Infancy

A

Period from birth to two years

24
Q

Childhood

A

Period from two years to adolescence

25
Q

Reflex

A

Involuntary reaction or response

a. Not learned, disappear when no longer needed
b. Such as breathing, sneezing, coughing, yawning, blinking, exc.

26
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Babies turn toward a stimuli that touch cheeks or mouth (leads to sucking and swallowing)

27
Q

Moro reflex

A

Babies withdraw from painful stimuli or loud noises

28
Q

Babinski reflex

A

Babies raise big toes when soles of feet are touched

29
Q

Motor development

A

Development of purposeful movement

30
Q

Types of motor development

A

Gross motor development and fine motor development

31
Q

Gross motor development

A

a. Coordinating major muscle groups

b. Examples: rolling over, sitting up, crawling and walking

32
Q

Fine motor development

A

a. Coordination of the hands, face and other smaller muscle
b. Four months=babies can grab and shake toys
c. Nine months=babies can pick up small objects between thumb and index finger
d. One year=may stack blocks or turn pages of book

33
Q

Perceptual development

A

Process by which infants learn to make sense of the sensations they are exposed to
( prefer new and interesting stimuli )

34
Q

Robert Fantz

A

Infants preferred pictures of human faces to other pictures

35
Q

Perceptual preferences for 5-10 weeks

A

Look at complex patterns

36
Q

Perceptual preferences for 15-20 weeks

A

Stare longer at face-like petterns

37
Q

Visual cliff

A

Special structure with checkerboard pattern and sheet of glass with pattern a few feet below

38
Q

Depth perception of visual cliff in young infants

A

Unafraid when placed on drop off

39
Q

Depth perception in infants by 9 months

A

Respond with fear to drop off

40
Q

Depth perception by the time they learn to crawl

A

Refuse to move on to glass part

41
Q

Hearing

A

a. More developed then eyesight at birth
b. Babies respond more to high-pitched sounds
c. Babies are soothed by low-pitched sounds

Psychology (9 decks)

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