Chapter 10 Section 4 Flashcards
Accommodation
New categories created because of new information
Assimilation
New information is placed into categories that already exist
What a piagets four stages
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Sensorimotor stage
Infants begin to understand that there is a relationship between physical movements and the results they sense or perceive
Things to know about sensorimotor stage
a. Learn to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity
b. 3 to 4 months=fascinated by their own hands and legs
c. 4-8 months=exploring cause-and-effect relationships
d. Object permanence= 10 months; understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched
Ages 0-2
Object permanence
10 months; understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched
Preoperational stage
Stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to represent objects
Things to know about the preoperational stage
a. Think in one-dimension
( don’t understand law of conservation )
b. Egocentric=the inability to see another persons point of view
c. Artificialistic=think that natural events are made by people (rain, thunder)
d. Animism=objects are alive and conscious
e. Ages 2-7
Egocentric
The inability to see another persons point of view
(The world exists to meet their needs)
Artificialistic
Think that natural events are made by people
( rain, thunder )
Animism
Objects are alive and conscious
Concrete operational stage
Children begin to show signs of adult thinking
Things to know about concrete operational stage
a. Seeing, touching and manipulating objects help them understand abstract ideas
b. Focus on two dimensions
c. Less egocentric(more life experiences)
d. Ages 7-12
Formal operational stage
Cognitive maturity
Formal operational stage
a. Think abstractly
b. Capable of dealing with hypothetical situations
c. Ages 12+
Criticism of piagets theories
a. Underestimate abilities of children
b. Preschoolers are less egocentric
c. Cognitive skills may develop more continuously
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development
a. Theory based on story of Heinz
b. Looked at the reasons children gave
c. Stages of moral development follow a sequence
The preconventional level (through age 9)
- based judgements on the consequences of behavior
a. Stage 1=what is “good” is what helps one avoid punishment- Heinz was wrong because he would get caught for stealing and sent to jail
b. Stage 2=”good” is what satisfies a persons needs - Heinz was right to steal it because his wife needed it
- Heinz was wrong because he would get caught for stealing and sent to jail
Stage one
- Preconventional level
- what is “good” is what helps one avoid punishment
- heinz was wrong because he would be caught for stealing and sent to jail
Stage 2
- “good” is what satisfies a persons needs
* heinz was right to steal it because his wife needed it
The conventional level
- makes judgments based on whether an act conforms conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong
- Stage 3=”good” is what meets ones needs and the expectations of other people( 13 years old )
- heinz should steal drug becuase a good husband would do that for his wife
- heinz should not steal drug becuase good people don’t steal
- Stage 4=moral judgements are based on maintaining the social order (16 years old )
- have high regard for authority
- breaking the law for any reason is a bad example and undermines social order
Stage 3
“Good” is what meets ones needs Andy he expectations of other people (13 years old)
- Heinz should steal the drug becuase s good husband would do that for his wife - Heinz should not steal drug becuase good people don't steal
Stage 4
Moral judgements are based on maintaining the social order (16 years old)
- have high regard for authority
- breaking the law for any reason is bad example and undermines social order
Postconventional level
Reasoning based on a persons own moral standards of goodness
-reflect personal values (adults)
a. Stage 5=laws represent agreed upon procedures
-laws have values
-laws should not be violated without good
reason
-laws cannot bind in exceptional standards
-Heinz should steal the drugs becuase the
needs of his wife created an exceptional
situation
b. Stage 6=support human life, justice, and dignity as moral and good
-rely on own consciences
-the pharmacist was acting out of greed;
survival is more important than profit
Stage 5
laws represent agreed upon procedures
-laws have values
-laws should not be violated without good
reason
-laws cannot bind in exceptional standards
-Heinz should steal the drugs becuase the
needs of his wife created an exceptional
situation
Stage 6
support human life, justice, and dignity as moral and good
-rely on own consciences
-the pharmacist was acting out of greed;
survival is more important than profit
Biases in kohlbergs theory
a. May have been biased to favor males
b. Carol Gillian
1) girls are taught to consider the needs of others over right or wrong
2) boys are taught to think logically rather than with empathy
* both can be considered high level reasoning
