Chapter 10 Section 4

Question 0

Accommodation

Answer 0

New categories created because of new information

Question 1

Assimilation

Answer 1

New information is placed into categories that already exist

Question 2

What a piagets four stages

Answer 2

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Question 3

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 3

Infants begin to understand that there is a relationship between physical movements and the results they sense or perceive

Question 4

Things to know about sensorimotor stage

Answer 4

a. Learn to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity
b. 3 to 4 months=fascinated by their own hands and legs
c. 4-8 months=exploring cause-and-effect relationships
d. Object permanence= 10 months; understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched
Ages 0-2

Question 5

Object permanence

Answer 5

10 months; understand that objects exist even when they cannot be seen or touched

Question 6

Preoperational stage

Answer 6

Stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to represent objects

Question 7

Things to know about the preoperational stage

Answer 7

a. Think in one-dimension
( don’t understand law of conservation )
b. Egocentric=the inability to see another persons point of view
c. Artificialistic=think that natural events are made by people (rain, thunder)
d. Animism=objects are alive and conscious
e. Ages 2-7

Question 8

Egocentric

Answer 8

The inability to see another persons point of view

(The world exists to meet their needs)

Question 9

Artificialistic

Answer 9

Think that natural events are made by people

( rain, thunder )

Question 10

Animism

Answer 10

Objects are alive and conscious

Question 11

Concrete operational stage

Answer 11

Children begin to show signs of adult thinking

Question 12

Things to know about concrete operational stage

Answer 12

a. Seeing, touching and manipulating objects help them understand abstract ideas
b. Focus on two dimensions
c. Less egocentric(more life experiences)
d. Ages 7-12

Question 13

Formal operational stage

Answer 13

Cognitive maturity

Question 14

Formal operational stage

Answer 14

a. Think abstractly
b. Capable of dealing with hypothetical situations
c. Ages 12+

Question 15

Criticism of piagets theories

Answer 15

a. Underestimate abilities of children
b. Preschoolers are less egocentric
c. Cognitive skills may develop more continuously

Question 16

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Answer 16

a. Theory based on story of Heinz
b. Looked at the reasons children gave
c. Stages of moral development follow a sequence

Question 17

The preconventional level (through age 9)

Answer 17

• based judgements on the consequences of behavior
  a. Stage 1=what is “good” is what helps one avoid punishment
  
  • Heinz was wrong because he would get caught for stealing and sent to jail
    b. Stage 2=”good” is what satisfies a persons needs
  • Heinz was right to steal it because his wife needed it

Question 18

Stage one

Answer 18

• Preconventional level
• what is “good” is what helps one avoid punishment
  
  • heinz was wrong because he would be caught for stealing and sent to jail

Question 19

Stage 2

Answer 19

• “good” is what satisfies a persons needs

* heinz was right to steal it because his wife needed it

Question 20

The conventional level

Answer 20

• makes judgments based on whether an act conforms conforms to conventional standards of right and wrong
• Stage 3=”good” is what meets ones needs and the expectations of other people( 13 years old )
  
  • heinz should steal drug becuase a good husband would do that for his wife
  • heinz should not steal drug becuase good people don’t steal
• Stage 4=moral judgements are based on maintaining the social order (16 years old )
  
  • have high regard for authority
  • breaking the law for any reason is a bad example and undermines social order

Question 21

Stage 3

Answer 21

“Good” is what meets ones needs Andy he expectations of other people (13 years old)

- Heinz should steal the drug becuase s good husband would do that for his wife 
- Heinz should not steal drug becuase good people don't steal

Question 22

Stage 4

Answer 22

Moral judgements are based on maintaining the social order (16 years old)

• have high regard for authority
• breaking the law for any reason is bad example and undermines social order

Question 23

Postconventional level

Answer 23

Reasoning based on a persons own moral standards of goodness
-reflect personal values (adults)
a. Stage 5=laws represent agreed upon procedures
-laws have values
-laws should not be violated without good
reason
-laws cannot bind in exceptional standards
-Heinz should steal the drugs becuase the
needs of his wife created an exceptional
situation
b. Stage 6=support human life, justice, and dignity as moral and good
-rely on own consciences
-the pharmacist was acting out of greed;
survival is more important than profit

Question 24

Stage 5

Answer 24

laws represent agreed upon procedures
-laws have values
-laws should not be violated without good
reason
-laws cannot bind in exceptional standards
-Heinz should steal the drugs becuase the
needs of his wife created an exceptional
situation

Question 25

Stage 6

Answer 25

support human life, justice, and dignity as moral and good
-rely on own consciences
-the pharmacist was acting out of greed;
survival is more important than profit

Question 26

Biases in kohlbergs theory

Answer 26

a. May have been biased to favor males
b. Carol Gillian
1) girls are taught to consider the needs of others over right or wrong
2) boys are taught to think logically rather than with empathy
* both can be considered high level reasoning